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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| | Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" |
Revision as of 02:23, 28 August 2017
Proto-Talmic/Swadesh list
Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Eevo, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.
Todo
- -nəm = patientive
- stan- = gather
- stannəm = gathering
- Eevo sdann = (mathematics) set
- ~ sta- in stāmom?
- add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
- -ssōs = another noun suffix
- 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
- lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
Phonology
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
Consonants
Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|
|
Labial
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Labiovelar
|
Uvular
|
Labiouvular
|
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
*m
|
*n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Plosive
|
voiceless
|
|
|
*t
|
|
*k
|
*kʷ
|
*q
|
*qʷ
|
|
| voiced
|
*b
|
|
*d
|
|
*g
|
*gʷ
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
voiceless
|
*ɸ
|
*θ
|
*s
|
|
|
|
|
|
*h
|
| voiced
|
|
*δ
|
|
|
|
|
*ʁ
|
*ʁʷ
|
|
| Resonant
|
|
*l
|
*r
|
*y
|
|
*w
|
|
Vowels
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
Diphthongs:
ai ei oi ui aw ew iw ow
Thensarian reflexes
- a e i o u ə > a e i o u y
- ō > ū in word-final syllables; ā elsewhere (gives too much aw in Eevo?)
- ou > ō
- ē > ī
- ei > ē
- oi > ȳ
- ui > ui
- ew > iō
- iw > iū
- ai, au > ae, ao
Morphology
Proto-Talmic had an ablaut system much like that of Indo-European.
Nouns
Masculine nouns
(Just one paradigm)
| ɮoirom 'bird'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Absolute
|
ɮoirom |
ɮeɮoirom |
ɮoirīs
|
| Construct
|
ɮoirai |
ɮeɮoirai |
ɮoirinnə
|
| Possessed forms of ɮoirom - 'bird'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singulative
|
Plurative
|
| Construct
|
ɮoirot |
ɮoirinnət
|
| 1sg possessor
|
ɮoiron |
ɮoirinnən
|
| 2sg.m possessor
|
ɮoirossi |
ɮoirinnəssi
|
| 2sg.f possessor
|
ɮoirossiu |
ɮoirinnəssiu
|
| 3sg.m possessor
|
ɮoirotiu |
ɮoirinniu
|
| 3sg.f possessor
|
ɮoirotī |
ɮoirinnī
|
| 3sg.n possessor
|
ɮoirota |
ɮoirinna
|
| 1exc possessor
|
ɮoirosmə |
ɮoirinnəsmə
|
| 1inc possessor
|
ɮoiroswi |
ɮoirinnəswi
|
| 2pl possessor
|
ɮoiroka |
ɮoirinnəka
|
| 3pl possessor
|
ɮoirotōr |
ɮoirinnətōr
|
Feminine nouns
| gʷondā 'body'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Absolute
|
gʷondā |
gegʷondā |
gʷondār
|
| Construct
|
gʷondāt |
gegʷondām |
gʷondās
|
| Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singulative
|
Plurative
|
| Construct
|
gʷondat |
gʷondāsat
|
| 1sg possessor
|
gʷondan |
gʷondasan
|
| 2sg.m possessor
|
gʷondassi |
gʷondasassi
|
| 2sg.f possessor
|
gʷondassiu |
gʷondasassiu
|
| 3sg.m possessor
|
gʷondatiu |
gʷondasiu
|
| 3sg.f possessor
|
gʷondatī |
gʷondasī
|
| 3sg.n possessor
|
gʷondata |
gʷondasa
|
| 1exc possessor
|
gʷondasmə |
gʷondasasmə
|
| 1inc possessor
|
gʷondaswi |
gʷondasaswi
|
| 2pl possessor
|
gʷondaka |
gʷondaseka
|
| 3pl possessor
|
gʷondatōr |
gʷondasōr
|
Neuter nouns
| tektəs 'child'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Absolute
|
tektəs |
tetektəs |
tektəen
|
| Construct
|
tektəes |
tetektəes |
tektəer
|
| Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singulative
|
Plurative
|
| Construct
|
tektət |
tektəerət
|
| 1sg possessor
|
tektən |
tektəerən
|
| 2sg.m possessor
|
tektəssi |
tektəerəssi
|
| 2sg.f possessor
|
tektəssiu |
tektəerəssiu
|
| 3sg.m possessor
|
tektiu |
tektəeriu
|
| 3sg.f possessor
|
tektī |
tektəerī
|
| 3sg.n possessor
|
tektəta |
tektəera
|
| 1exc possessor
|
tektəsmo |
tektəersmo
|
| 1inc possessor
|
tektəswi |
tektəerswi
|
| 2pl possessor
|
tektəka |
tektəerka
|
| 3pl possessor
|
tektōr |
tektəerōr
|
| jenaqʷs 'water' (n.)
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|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
| Absolute
|
jenaqʷs |
jenenaqʷs
|
| Construct
|
jenaqʷes |
jenenaqʷes
|
| stuφs 'fire' (n.)
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
| Absolute
|
stuφs |
stestuφs
|
| Construct
|
stuφes |
stestuφes
|
Adjectives
|
Masculine:
| mukʷtam 'dark'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Indefinite
|
mukʷtam |
memukʷtam |
mukʷtaīs
|
| Definite
|
mukʷtoi |
memukʷtoi |
mukʷtannə
|
|
Feminine:
| mukʷtam 'dark'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Indefinite
|
mukʷtā |
memukʷtā |
mukʷtar
|
| Definite
|
mukʷtāt |
memukʷtām |
mukʷtās
|
|
Neuter:
| mukʷtam 'dark'
|
|
|
Singulative
|
Collective
|
Plurative
|
| Indefinite
|
mukʷtas |
memukʷtas |
mukʷtān
|
| Definite
|
mukʷtās |
memukʷtās |
mukʷtār
|
|
Verbs
Object markers
Object affixes
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1
|
ni-
|
mē-
|
| 1 + 2
|
-
|
θē-
|
| 2
|
ti-
|
sē-
|
| 3
|
bi-
|
nē-
|
TAM + subject markers
Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.
Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade".
- present stem a - preterite stem e - VN a
- present stem ā - preterite stem ē - VN a
- present stem o - preterite stem i - VN ə
- present stem ō - preterite stem ī
- present stem ō - preterite stem ē
- present stem oi - preterite stem ei
- present stem ou - preterite stem iu
- present stem au - preterite stem eu
Progressive
| Person |
ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 1SG |
*ʁaismān |
*kaφsən
|
| 2SG |
*ʁaismār |
*kaφsər
|
| 3SG.M |
*ʁaismām |
*kaφsəm
|
| 3SG.F |
*ʁaismāsim |
*kaφsəsim
|
| 3SG.N |
*ʁaismā |
*kaφs
|
| 1EX |
*ʁaismāmē |
*kaφsmē
|
| 1IN |
*ʁaismānt |
*kaφsənt
|
| 2PL |
*ʁaismāskʷe |
*kaφsəskʷe
|
| 3PL |
*ʁaismāt |
*kaφsət
|
|
Habitual
| Person |
ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 1SG |
*ʁeʁaismān |
*kekaφsən
|
| 2SG |
*ʁeʁaismār |
*kekaφsər
|
| 3SG.M |
*ʁeʁaismām |
*kekaφsəm
|
| 3SG.F |
*ʁeʁaismāsim |
*kekaφsəsim
|
| 3SG.N |
*ʁeʁaismā |
*kekaφs
|
| 1EX |
*ʁeʁaismāmē |
*kekaφsmē
|
| 1IN |
*ʁeʁaismānt |
*kekaφsənt
|
| 2PL |
*ʁeʁaismāskʷe |
*kekaφsəskʷe
|
| 3PL |
*ʁeʁaismāt |
*kekaφsət
|
|
Preterite
| Person |
ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 1SG |
*ʁaismānnem |
*keφsənnem
|
| 2SG |
*ʁaismārəg |
*keφsrəg
|
| 3SG.M |
*ʁaismāsəm |
*keφsəsəm
|
| 3SG.F |
*ʁaismāstis |
*keφsəstis
|
| 3SG.N |
*ʁaismāso |
*keφso
|
| 1EX |
*ʁaismāmer |
*keφsəmer
|
| 1IN |
*ʁaismānter |
*keφsənter
|
| 2PL |
*ʁaismāskʷer |
*keφsəskʷer
|
| 3PL |
*ʁaismāter |
*keφsəter
|
|
Subjunctive
| Person |
ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 1SG |
*ʁaismānai |
*kaφsnai
|
| 2SG |
*ʁaismārai |
*kaφsrai
|
| 3SG.M |
*ʁaismāmewr |
*kaφsmewr
|
| 3SG.F |
*ʁaismāsewr |
*kaφsəsewr
|
| 3SG.N |
*ʁaismāwr |
*kaφsewr
|
| 1EX |
*ʁaismāmai |
*kaφsmai
|
| 1IN |
*ʁaismāntai |
*kaφsəntai
|
| 2PL |
*ʁaismāskʷai |
*kaφsəskʷai
|
| 3PL |
*ʁaismātewr |
*kaφsətewr
|
|
Imperative
| Person |
ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel-stem) |
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
|
| 2SG |
*ʁaismā! |
*kaφsə!
|
| 1IN |
*ʁaismāntē! |
*kaφsəntē!
|
| 2PL |
*ʁaismāskʷē! |
*kaφsəskʷē!
|
|
Derivational morphology
Affixes
Some affixes are:
- -ā- = verbalizer (from *-əx̌-; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
- -ākos = verbal noun (from *-əx̌- verbalizer + *-kas = older VN suffix)
Ablaut patterns
Syntax
The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb, as seen directly in Thensarian and the fact that Rostherian kept most verb affixes intact.
Lexicon
- skʷidus (n.) = gathering (from Adetsib skʷidus)
- φlatnəm (m.) = seed
- ʁeibō (f.) = blood
Numbers
- *kʷēmom (Thensarian cēmom is an anomaly; *cīmom would be expected)
- *tiθōr
- *nasgis
- *ðaubis
- *soliθis
- *stāmom
- *roudis
- *loredis
- *φarwis
- *ħijōris
- (not reconstructed)
- *kʷnaisā