Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

:: '''Singular''' (''lailausis niañis'')

:: '''Dual''' (''daniausis niañis'')


:: '''Plural''' (''tailiausis niañis'')

:: '''Direct''' (''daradhūkah dirūnnevya'')

:: '''Vocative''' (''halauseh dirūnnevya'')


:: '''Accusative''' (''dṛṣokah dirūnnevya'')

:: '''Ergative''' (''darinūkah dirūnnevya'')

:: '''Genitive''' (''cārūkah dirūnnevya'')


:: '''Translative''' (''najamarcūkah dirūnnevya'')


:: '''Exessive''' (''nenijamarcūkah dirūnnevya'')

:: '''Essive''' (''gyauseh dirūnnevya'')

:: '''Dative''' (''męliauseh dirūnnevya'')

:: '''Ablative''' (''tųflunūkah dirūnnevya'')

:: '''Locative''' (''yutiūkah dirūnnevya'')

:: '''Instrumental''' (''drauseh dirūnnevya'')

→ ''See [[Chlouvānem#Gendered_and_gender-neutral_terms|Chlouvānem § Gendered and gender-neutral terms]] for natural gender in Chlouvānem.''

Genders and declensions are dependent on the form of the noun. Due to the prevailing endings in direct case, ''dragon'' nouns are also called the ''s-class''; ''lotus'' nouns the ''m-class''; and ''parrot'' nouns the ''h-class'':

'''Dragon nouns (kaṃšūlñī halenī)''':

'''Lotus nouns (yujamñī halenī)''':

'''Parrot nouns (geltañī halenī)''':

===Dragon nouns - Kaṃšūlñī halenī===

The first declension of dragon nouns is also the most common one for that gender. Like all other nominal declensions, the vocative is only distinct in the singular; in the dual there is also no distinction between translative and dative, essive and locative, and between exessive, ablative, and instrumental.

| '''prātas''' <small>''"wind"''</small> || prātion || prāte || '''kældus''' <small>''"wax"''</small> || kælduyon || kælduvī || '''kumis''' <small>''"bamboo"''</small> || kumiyon || kumiye || '''haloe''' <small>''"name"''</small> || halenion || halenī

| prātau || prātion || prāte || kældu || kælduyon || kælduvī || kumi || kumiyon || kumiye || haloe || halenion || halenī

| prātą || prātiona || prātėm || kældęs || kælduyona || kældvėm || kumiæs || kumiyona || kumyėm || halen || haleniona || haloem

===Lotus nouns - Yujamñī halenī===

| yujamų || yujambhan || yujamñis || tūlumų || tūlumbhan || tūlumñis || jāyimų || jāyimbhan || jāyimñīs || lunāyų || lunaibhan || lunaiñīs

| yujamñe || yujamiona || yujailīm || tūlumñe || tūlumiona || tūluvilīm || jāyimñe || jāyimiona || jāyīlīm || lunaiñe || lunāyona || lunāyilīm

| yujamini || yujambhan || yujamñika || tūlumini || tūlumbhan || tūlumñika || jāyimini || jāyimbhan || jāyimñīka || lunaini || lunaibhan || lunaiñīka

Note that all lotus nouns with '''-n''' have their direct and vocative plural forms ''identical'' to the singular ones - all other inflections (including the dual) are the same as the other nouns. Thus e.g. '''samin''' may be either ''child'' or ''children'', and it is usually the verb that marks the number - compare ''samin mālchė'' "the kid runs" and ''samin mālchęn'' "the kids run".<br/>These unmarked plurals are regular - note that ''hulin'' (woman) has both a regular plural (''hulin''), used in a wider scope (e.g. ''chlouvānumi hulin'' "Chlouvānem women") and an irregular plural (''hilāni'') used in other contexts (e.g. ''nanā hilāni'' "those women there").

===Parrot nouns - Geltañī halenī===

| '''māra''' <small>''"mango"''</small> || mārion || mārai || '''javileh''' <small>''"apple"''</small> || javilion || javilei || '''camūh''' <small>''"group"''</small> || camūyon || camūvai || '''ghārṭih''' <small>''"arrow"''</small> || ghārṭiyon || ghārṭīye || '''lila''' <small>''"person"''</small> || lilion || leliė

| māra || mārion || mārai || javili || javilion || javilei || camū || camūyon || camūvai || ghārṭī || ghārṭiyon || ghārṭīye || lila || lilion || leliė

* ''švas'' "animal (including humans)" pluralizes as ''švai'', as if it were a parrot noun; all cases except for direct and vocative are however regular.

* There are some pluralia tantum: ''pārye'' “hair”, ''kāraṇḍhai'' “guts”, ''hamvyenī'' "nursery"<ref>''hamvyenī'' is also the regular plural of ''hamvyoe'' with the meaning "cradle(s)".</ref> and all ethnonyms; also ''agṇyaucai'' (perfect exterior participle, parrot plural, of ''gṇyauke'' “to give birth”) when used with the meaning of “sons and daughters”.

==Adjectives and adverbs - Maihaleniausī khladaradhausī no halenī==

Adjectives (''maihaleniausis haloe'', pl. ''maihaleniausī halenī''), in Chlouvānem, are actually a subset of nouns which have different forms depending on gender. They can function as attributes to nouns, but they can also be used without any noun, usually replacing it (and taking its gender) as a means of anaphora. If they are related to people, they take parrot gender: the common explanation is that they stand for <small>ADJ.</small> + ''lila'' (person).<br/>

Adjectives decline much like nouns, except for a few small differences. Their dragon gender form, direct case, singular number, is the citation form.

There are three main adjectival declensions: '''-as''', '''-us''', and '''-is'''; a small subset of '''-es''' adjectives (mainly ordinal numbers) follows the '''-is''' pattern except for plural direct and vocative (having ''-eye'' instead of ''-ī'') and having ''-e'' as a thematic vowel instead of ''-i'' before endings.<br/>The irregular adjective ''līleskais'' (new) declines as if it were *līleskis.

Translative, exessive, essive, dative, ablative, and locative forms are exactly the same as for nouns. Forms that are different from the nominal declensions are in '''bold''':

|-

! rowspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | 1-s adjectives !! colspan=3 | 2-s adjectives !! colspan=3 | 3-s adjectives

|-

|-

| prātūkas <small>''"windy"''</small> || prātūkyon || prātūke || mālthus <small>''"last"''</small> || mālthuyon || mālthuvī || tarlausis <small>''"scientific"''</small> || '''tarlausyon''' || '''tarlausī'''

| '''prātūka''' || prātūkyon || prātūke || mālthu || mālthuyon || mālthuvī || tarlausi || '''tarlausyon''' || '''tarlausī'''

|-

| '''prātūkai''' || '''prātūkayį''' || prātūkān || '''mālthuvyai''' || '''mālthuyį''' || mālthān || tarlausiei || tarlausyą || tarlausiān

| '''prātūkai''' ||  '''prātūkaiva''' || prātūkumi || '''mālthuyi''' || māltheva || '''mālthūmi''' || '''tarlausiai''' || tarlausieva || '''tarlausīmi''

=== Lotus gender (yujamñis) ===

Lotus gender adjectives follow the same patterns as dragon ones — their endings are '''-am''', '''-um''', '''-im''' ('''-em''').

Differences in bold are from lotus gender nouns.

|-

! rowspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | 1-m adjectives !! colspan=3 | 2-m adjectives !! colspan=3 | 3-m adjectives

|-

|-

| prātūkam <small>''"windy"''</small> || '''pratūkamion''' || '''prātūkeñe''' || mālthum <small>''"last"''</small> || '''mālthumion''' || mālthuvye || tarlausim <small>''"scientific"''</small> || '''tarlausimion''' || tarlausiñe

| prātūkam || '''pratūkamion''' || '''prātūkeñe''' || mālthu || '''mālthumion''' || mālthuvye || tarlausi || '''tarlausimion''' || tarlausiñe

|-

| prātūkamu || '''prātūkori''' || '''prātūkūnu''' || mālthau || mālthūri || mālthumān || tarlausimu || tarlausimūri || tarlausimin

|-

| '''prātūkañi''' || '''prātūkaiva''' || prātūkammi || '''mālthuñi''' || mālthumeva || mālthoumi || '''tarlauseñi''' || tarlausīva || '''tarlausemñi'''

Parrot gender adjectives, unlike the other two genders, do not have the ''-e-'' subdeclension, having '''-ah''', '''-uh''', and '''-eh''' as its three declensional endings (''-is''/''-es'' and ''-im''/''-em'' all correspond to ''-eh'').

Differences in bold are from parrot gender nouns.

{| class="wikitable"

! rowspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | 1-h adjectives !! colspan=3 | 2-h adjectives !! colspan=3 | 3-h adjectives

! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural

! Direct

| prātūkah <small>''"windy"''</small> || '''prātūke''' || '''prātūkæh''' || mālthuh <small>''"last"''</small> || '''mālthuve''' || mālthuvai || tarlauseh <small>''"scientific"''</small> || '''tarlausiea''' || tarlausei

! Vocative

! Accusative

| prātūku || prātūkūri || prātūkānu || mālthou || mālthuyūri || mālthounu || tarlausu || tarlausiūri || tarlausėnu

! Ergative

| prātūkei || prātūką || '''prātūkæn''' || mālthuvei || mālthuvą || mālthoun || tarlausiai || tarlausią || tarlausėn

! Genitive

| prātūki || prātūkeva || prātūkumi || mālthuvi || mālthuyeva || mālthumi || '''tarlauseah''' || tarlausieva || tarlausumi

 

"Irregular" adjectives are a closed group of words that have their own declensional paradigm. They are all declined for gender (though only in direct, vocative, accusative, ergative, and genitive) but ''not'' for number. Unlike other adjectives, the citation form is the ''parrot gender'' and not the dragon; they end in ''-iā'' or ''-i'' in parrot direct, ''-em'' (rarely ''-im'' or ''-am'') in lotus direct, and ''-es'' (rarely ''-as'') in dragon direct.<br/>

* The possessives: '''''liliā''''' - ''lilem'' - ''liles'' (my, mine), '''''sāmiā''''' - ''sāmim'' - ''sāmes'' (your(s) (sg)), '''''demiā''''' - ''demim'' - ''demes'' (one's own), '''''tamiā''''' - ''tamim'' - ''tames'' (his, her(s), its), '''''maiyā''''' - ''maiyem'' - ''maiyes'' (our(s)), '''''najyā''''' - ''nagem'' - ''nages'' (your(s) (pl)), '''''tomiā''''' - ''tomim'' - ''tomes'' (their(s))

 

! rowspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | ā-paradigm !! ė-paradigm !! ū-paradigm

! Parrot !! Lotus !! Dragon !! Parrot !! Parrot

! Direct<br/>Vocative

| '''liliā''' || '''lilem''' || '''liles''' || '''nenė''' || '''nunū'''

! Accusative

| liliau || lilemu || lileṣu || nenæyu || nunūyu

! Ergative

| lilie || lilemie || lilesie || nenæye || nunūye

! Genitive

| liliai || lilemñi || lilesiai || neniai || nunūyai

! Translative

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | liliān || nenėn || nunūn

! Exessive

! Essive

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | liliąa || nenęe || nunųu

! Dative

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | liliåh || neneah || nunouh

! Ablative

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | liliąu || nenėhu || nunūvu

! Locative

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | lilea || nenėhea || nunūvea

! Instrumental

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | lileni || nenėni || nunauni

|}

===Adverbs===

Adjectives are turned into adverbs (''khladaradhausis haloe'', pl. ''khladaradhausī halenī'') by removing the ending (-as/us/is/es) and adding '''-ęe''' (''-nęe'' after vowel-final stems). Thus:

* ''tarlausis'' (scientific) → ''tarlausęe'' (scientifically, according to science)

* ''prātūkas'' (windy) → ''prātūkęe'' (windy; like the wind)

A few ''-us'' adjectives keep the ''-u-'' (and thus add ''-nęe''):

* ''mālthus'' (last) → ''mālthunęe'' ((as) last; at last, finally)

* ''dilas'' (same) → ''diledile'' (exactly the same way; emphatic version of ''dilęe''<ref>''dilęe'' also has the other meaning of "the same", as in ''lili dilęe dadrāṃnilь'' "I have done the same". ''diledile'' does not have this other meaning.</ref> but more common.)

 

====Underived adverbs====

 

===Undeclinable adjectives===

* ''yamei'' - "honorific" adjective

 

There are two methods for building comparatives and superlatives: a synthetic and an analytic one. Synthetic comparatives, except for a few irregular forms, are extremely rare in spoken Chlouvānem and only used in very formal written language. Adjectives that either refer to the presence or absence of a quality do not have comparatives or superlatives, nor does the "honorific adjective" ''yamei''.

 

Analytic comparatives are made by using either '''nanū''' (more) or '''ovet''' (less) in front of the adjective; the compared term is in ablative case; the superlative is formed by using '''yaivų''' (than all) as the compared term.

Adverbs use the same method (e.g. ''chlære'' (easily) → ''nanū chlære'' → ''yaivų nanū chlære''), but "than all" in superlatives is usually omitted, therefore they use ''nanū'' also with a superlative meaning.

 

Absolute superlatives (very,...) are formed by reduplicating the adjective (or, colloquially, part of it, like for ''ñæñuchlim'' "beautiful" → ''ñæñu-ñæñuchlim'') or by putting ''taili'' (many, much) in front:

: ''kaṣrūm saṃhāram'' "handsome boy" → ''kaṣrūm kaṣrūm saṃhāram'' "very handsome boy" (or ''taili kaṣrūm saṃhāram'')

: ''ñæñuchlim laleichim'' "beautiful wife" → ''ñæñuchlim ñæñuchlim laleichim'' "very beautiful wife" (or ''taili ñæñuchlim laleichim'')

 

Synthetic comparatives are formed with the suffix '''-apus''' (for ''-as'' and ''-us'' adjectives) or '''-epus''' (for ''-is'' adjectives). The compared term is always in ablative case:

* ''prātūkas'' (windy) → ''prātūkapus'' (windier)

* ''kurgus'' (noisy) → ''kurgapus'' (noisier)

 

Synthetic superlatives use '''-ækṣasis''' (for ''-as'' adjectives) or '''-īkṣasis''' (for ''-us'' and ''-is'' adjectives):

* ''prātūkas'' → ''prātūkækṣasis'' (the windiest)

* ''kurgus'' → ''kurgīkṣasis'' (the noisiest)

 

Synthetic comparatives and superlatives for adverbs use respectively '''-ven''' and '''-eten''':

* ''chlærausęe'' (easily) → ''chlærausiven'' (more easily) → ''chlærauseten'' (most easily)

 

! Positive !! Comparative !! Superlative

| ''ṣubha'' <small>_indecl.</small> (few, little)

| ''spragnyas'' (large) || ''samvaris'' (larger) || ''sasprāsis'' (largest)

| ''garpas'' (bad) || ''grašcasis'' (worse) || ''gugārasis'' (worst)

| ''miąre'' <small>_indecl.</small> (good) || ''chloucæm'' <small>_indecl.</small> (better) || ''chloucækṣis'' (best)

|-

| ''durḍhāvas'' (far) || ''duryāḍhivas'' (farther, further) || ''dudhorasis'' (farthest, furthest)

| ''taili'' <small>_indecl.</small> (many, much) || ''nanū'' <small>_indecl.</small> (more) || ''kaili'' <small>_indecl.</small> (most)

In addition to these, the other two indeclinable adjectives ''cami'' and ''lalla'' have only the analytic forms ''(yaivų) nanū cami''/''lalla''.

==Verbs - Daradhūvī==

The Chlouvānem verb (''daradhūs'', pl. ''daradhūvī'') is the most inflected part of speech; its most basic forms are fusional, but many more specific formations are more agglutinative due to their origin from old Proto-Lahob particles or participles.

 

The first and most important division we can find in Chlouvānem verbs is the distinction between '''exterior '''(''kauyāva'') and '''interior''' (''nañyāva'') verbs. This may at first seem a voice system, but it must be distinguished from the true voices in Chlouvānem conjugation. The difference between them is mostly lexical: native grammarians distinguish exterior verbs as describing "activities or states that involve interactions with outside the self", and interior verbs as affecting principally the self. Exterior verbs are those we could most easily compare to active verbs in English, while interior verbs are a somewhat "catch-all" category including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones, but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat independent meanings for some verbs. Many verbs can be conjugated both as exterior and as interior and they often have differences in meaning - e.g. ''gṇyauke ''means “to give birth” when exterior and “to be born” when interior.

 

Potentially every Chlouvānem verb, no matter if exterior or interior, has a '''causative''' (''drildyāva'') conjugation which is considered an inflection and not a derivation, even if the meanings may vary: ''mišake'' is an extreme example as each form has a different meaning (with particularly interior forms having many meanings) - non-causative exterior ''mešu'' "I am seen", interior ''meširu'' "I know; I see myself"; and causative exterior ''maišildeyam'' "I am shown", interior ''maišildreyam'' "I learn; I show myself <small>(trans.)</small>".

 

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''' (''tadgeroe'', pl. ''tadgerenī''), each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The seven voices are, for exterior verbs:

* '''agent-trigger''' (''darīnūkas tadgeroe'') (transitive and ditransitive verbs only);

* '''benefactive-trigger''' (''chārimęlīnūkas tadgeroe'');

* '''antibenefactive-trigger''' (''tatflunsusūkas tadgeroe'');

* '''locative-trigger''' (''yutiūkas tadgeroe'');

* '''dative-trigger''' (''męliausis tadgeroe'') (mostly ditransitive verbs);

* '''instrumental-trigger'''  (''drausis tadgeroe'') (morphologically possible for all verbs, but not always meaningful).

Interior verbs only have six voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice''' (''tailьcārṣusas tadgeroe'')<ref>For simplicity's sake, voices' names are most often rendered as ''patientive'', ''agentive'', ''benefactive'' ''antibenefactive'', ''locative'', ''dative'', ''instrumental'', and ''common''.</ref>.

 

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for four different '''tense-aspect combinations''' (simply ''tenses'' (''avyāṣa'' - pl. ''avyāṣai'')): '''present''' (''kaminænikah avyāṣa''), '''past''' (''dāṃdeniah avyāṣa''), '''perfect''' (''mīraṃnajauseh avyāṣa''), and '''future''' (''lallāmiti avyāṣa''); other distinctions may be built periphrastically (most notably ''imperfect'', ''pluperfect'' and ''future perfect''). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect). Note that some moods do only distinguish between imperfective and perfective aspect.

 

However, the most complex part of Chlouvānem verbs is the '''mood''' (''darišam'', pl. ''darišye''). Chlouvānem is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. 

 

The nine primary moods (''lalladarišam'', pl. ''-šye'') are:

* '''indicative''' (''chlåvdiausim darišam'') - the realis mood;

* '''imperative''' (''spruvyūkam darišam'') - used for giving orders or commands;

* '''desiderative''' (''daudiūkam darišam'') - used to express a desire or will (e.g. I want to X);

* '''necessitative''' (''rileyūkam darišam'') - used to express need or obligation (e.g. I have to X);

* '''potential''' (''novam darišam'') - used to express the ability to do something (e.g. I can [= am able to] X)

* '''permissive''' (''drippūkam darišam'') - used to express the permission to do something (e.g. I can [= I’m allowed to] X)

* '''optative''' (''purmanūkam darišam'') - used to express wishes or hopes;

* '''propositive''' (''maikitūkam darišam'') - used to express proposals (e.g. let’s X; why don’t you X);

* '''subjunctive''' (''milkausim darišam'') - used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), unreal things that may happen or might have happened, and also syntactically conditioned by some particles.

The seven secondary moods (''šudarišam'', pl. ''-šye'') are:

* five of them express '''evidentiality''', namely: certainty (also '''energetic mood'''), deduction, dream, specifically invented situation, and hearsay (also '''inferential mood''');

* two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”).

Chlouvānem verbs also have a '''non-finite form''' (''lailehūkas daradhūs'') (the '''-ke''' form, called '''infinitive''' hereafter) as well as a large number of '''attributive''' and '''adverbial participles''' (''maihaleniausis daradhūs'' and ''khladaradhausis daradhūs''), with forms for most voices and tenses and a distinction into '''modal adverbs''', '''homofocal gerundives''' and '''heterofocal gerundives'''.

 

Verbs, in Chlouvānem, are conjugated depending on ''verb classes'' or ''conjugations''. There are four main patterns:

* '''a-root''', or '''thematic''': the most basic and regular, formed by adding '''a''' to the root before non-vocalic endings.

* '''Athematic''': as above, without '''a'''; endings are added directly to the root.

* '''Ablauting root''': formed by the root with ablaut changes in its main vowel, plus '''a''' before non-vocalic endings.

** '''Athematic ablauting root''': a small subset conjugating as above, but without '''a'''.

* '''ah verbs''': verbs which add '''-ah''' (or its allomorphs '''-ar''', '''-aš''', '''-ą''') to the root.

A fifth commonly recognized pattern is '''ru verbs'''. These are verbs formed by borrowed verb roots from Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi (where verbal nouns end in ''-ru'') and in the present and past undergo stem modifications like in that language. There are few common -ru verbs, and in usual speech they are often substituted by compounds with their root and either ''dṛke'' (to do, make) or ''jānake'' (to feel (physical)), or ''gyake'' (to be), and more rarely ''jilde'' (to do, carry out an action), as in ''pāṭṭaruke'' vs. ''pāṭṭarudṛke'' (and also vs. the rarer ''pāṭṭarujilde'') (to study).

 

Moods apart from the indicative mainly just follow root structure, with different allomorphs depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or in a vowel.

 

There are, in addition to these, a few particular verb types with either some kind of suffix added to the root in some forms, or irregular ablaut, or totally irregular (usually suppletive). The majority of verbs, anyway, is either ''thematic'' or ''thematic ablauting'', and the majority of roots end in one or two consonants.

 

The '''infinitive''' (''lailehūkas daradhūs'') or ''ke-form'' is a non-finite form used in certain construction (like with certain verbs (e.g. ''daudike'' (to want)) or particles). It is also the citation form, and it is simple to recognize and form:

 

 

{| class="wikitable"

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | a-root !! colspan =2 | Athematic !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | -ah- !! colspan =2 | -ru-

! colspan=2 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small> !! colspan=2 | gṇyauke <br/><small>"to give birth; ''int.:'' to be born"</small> !! colspan=2 | mišake <br/><small>"to see"</small> !! colspan=2 | lilke <br/><small>"to live; ''int.:'' to get healed<ref>The compound ''nalilke'' (exterior only) is more common in this sense.</ref>"</small> !! colspan=2 | pāṭṭaruke <br/><small>"to study; ''int.'' to be taught"</small>

! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>

| nāmv'''u''' || nāmv'''iru''' || gṇyāv'''u''' || gṇyāv'''iru''' || meš'''u''' || meš'''iru''' || lil'''ah''' || lil'''ęru''' || pāṭṭa'''sū''' || pāṭṭa'''suru'''

| nāmv'''i''' || nāmv'''iris''' || gṇyāv'''i''' || gṇyāv'''iris''' || meš'''i''' || meš'''iris''' || lil'''aši''' || lil'''ęris''' || pāṭṭa'''suvi''' || pāṭṭa'''suris'''

| nāmv'''ė''' || nāmv'''ire''' || gṇyāv'''ė''' || gṇyāv'''ire''' || meš'''ė''' || meš'''ire''' || lil'''ah''' || lil'''ęre''' || pāṭṭa'''suvė''' || pāṭṭa'''sure'''

| nāmv'''ayou''' || nāmv'''iryou''' || gṇyau'''you''' || gṇyāv'''iryou''' || meš'''ayou''' || miš'''iryou''' || lil'''ahou''' || lil'''ęryou''' || pāṭṭa'''suyou''' || pāṭṭa'''suryou'''

| nāmv'''adia''' || nāmv'''irdia''' || gṇyau'''dia''' || gṇyāv'''irdia''' || meš'''adia''' || miš'''irdia''' || lil'''ardia''' || lil'''ęrdia''' || pāṭṭa'''sudia''' || pāṭṭa'''surdia'''

| nāmv'''ade''' || nāmv'''irde''' || gṇyau'''de''' || gṇyāv'''irde''' || meš'''ade''' || miš'''irde''' || lil'''arde''' || lil'''ęrde''' || pāṭṭa'''sude''' || pāṭṭa'''surde'''

| nāmv'''alieh''' || nāmv'''irileh''' || gṇyau'''lieh''' || gṇyāv'''irileh''' || meš'''alieh''' || miš'''irileh''' || lil'''ąlieh''' || lil'''ęrileh''' || pāṭṭa'''sulieh''' || pāṭṭa'''surileh'''

| nāmv'''ašin''' || nāmv'''iršin''' || gṇyau'''šin''' || gṇyāv'''iršin''' || meš'''ašin''' || miš'''iršin''' || lil'''ąšin''' || lil'''ęršin''' || pāṭṭa'''sušin''' || pāṭṭa'''suršin'''

| nāmv'''īran''' || nāmv'''irean''' || gṇyāv'''īran''' || gṇyāv'''irean''' || meš'''īran''' || miš'''irean''' || lil'''ah''' || lil'''ęrean''' || pāṭṭa'''suvīran''' || kume'''surean'''

'''Causative'''<br/>

Causative forms are the same regardless of conjugation; they are formed basically with an extended stem with ''-ild-''. Ablauting verbs always have the highest grade vowel, while inverse ablaut verbs have the "lowered" vowel in front of the normal stem.<br/>

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | No ablaut !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | Inverse ablaut

! colspan=2 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to make crush, press"</small> !! colspan=2 | mišake <br/><small>"to show; ''int.:'' learn"</small> !! colspan=2 | valde <br/><small>"to make open"</small>

! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>

| nāmv'''ildeyam''' || nāmv'''ildṛyam''' || maiš'''ildeyam''' || maiš'''ildṛyam''' || uvald'''ildeyam''' || uvald'''ildṛyam'''

| nāmv'''ildeši''' || nāmv'''ildṛši''' || maiš'''ildeši''' || maiš'''ildṛši''' || uvald'''ildeši''' || uvald'''ildṛši'''

| nāmv'''ilden''' || nāmv'''ildiren''' || maiš'''ilden''' || maiš'''ildiren''' || uvald'''ilden''' || uvald'''ildiren'''

| nāmv'''ildeyou''' || nāmv'''ildṛyou''' || maiš'''ildeyou''' || maiš'''ildṛyou''' || uvald'''ildeyou''' || uvald'''ildṛyou'''

| nāmv'''ildedia''' || nāmv'''ildṛdia''' || maiš'''ildedia''' || maiš'''ildṛdia''' || uvald'''ildedia''' || uvald'''ildṛdia'''

| nāmv'''ildede''' || nāmv'''ildṛde''' || maiš'''ildede''' || maiš'''ildṛde''' || uvald'''ildede''' || uvald'''ildṛde'''

| nāmv'''ildīleh''' || nāmv'''ildrīleh''' || maiš'''ildīleh''' || maiš'''ildrīleh''' || uvald'''ildīleh''' || uvald'''ildrīleh'''

| nāmv'''ildešin''' || nāmv'''ildṛšin''' || maiš'''ildešin''' || maiš'''ildṛšin''' || uvald'''ildešin''' || uvald'''ildṛšin'''

| nāmv'''ilderie''' || nāmv'''ildrelie''' || maiš'''ilderie''' || maiš'''ildrelie''' || uvald'''ilderie''' || uvald'''ildrelie'''

===Imperative===

The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms — note, though, that some grammarians follow common use and simply list dual forms that are exactly the same as the plural ones. It is formed from the bare root, thus it has the same formation for all verbs. Unlike all other terminations, there are separate agentive and patientive ones (note that agentive ones begin with '''-ь''' and not ''-y''. Causative forms follow the same pattern as non-causative ones, but the stem is the specifically causative one.

 

Note that, due to the politeness system of Chlouvānem, the imperative is somewhat rare, as other methods are used. The first person imperative is an exception, being often used with the meaning “I/we must”.

 

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative

! colspan=6 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>

! <small>Ex. patientive</small> !! <small>Ex. agentive</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Ex. patientive</small> !! <small>Ex. agentive</small> !! <small>Interior</small>

| nāmv'''ikṣam''' || nāmv'''yasti''' || nāmv'''irkam''' || nāmv'''iljam''' || nāmv'''ildasti''' || nāmv'''ildṛṣam'''

| nāmv'''eik''' || nāmv'''a''' || nāmv'''ih''' || nāmv'''ildeik''' || nāmv'''ilda''' || nāmv'''ildireik'''

| nāmv'''eitte''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irda''' || nāmv'''ildeitte''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildirda'''

| rowspan=3 colspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | ''No dual imperative forms''

| nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || nāmv'''yasmi''' || nāmv'''irkumi''' || nāmv'''iljumi''' || nāmv'''ildasmi''' || nāmv'''ildrumi'''

| nāmv'''eikus''' || nāmv'''yęs''' || nāmv'''irkus''' || nāmv'''ildeikus''' || nāmv'''ildęs''' || nāmv'''ildṛkus'''

| nāmv'''eicąt''' || nāmv'''yęt''' || nāmv'''ircąt''' || nāmv'''iljąt''' || nāmv'''ildęt''' || nāmv'''ildṛcąt'''

Note that the second person singular agentive non-causative form does not take '''-a''' if the ending of the root is already acceptable (e.g. ''lgut!'' "buy!"). If the root ends with a palatalized consonant, it remains as such if it ends with a single acceptable consonant (e.g. ''męlь!'' "give!), otherwise it adds ''-i'' (e.g. ''dhāsmi!'' "save!").

===Past Indicative===

In the past indicative, -ah verbs are not distinguished as a conjugation, behaving instead like root verbs. Frequentative verbs in ''-ve(y)-'' are completely regular, but the suffix becomes ''-vi(y)-'', e.g. ''mīmīšviyo'' "it was frequently seen" vs. present ''mīmīšveyė'' "it is frequently seen".<br/>

Ablauting verbs always have their base grade, except for inverse ablaut roots which use the reduced vowel, and plural interior forms.

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | a-root !! colspan =2 | Athematic !! colspan =2 | Ablaut

! colspan=2 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small> !! colspan=2 | gṇyauke <br/><small>"to give birth; ''int.:'' to be born"</small> !! colspan=2 | mišake <br/><small>"to see"</small>  

! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>

| nāmv'''au''' || nāmv'''irau''' || gṇyāv'''au''' || gṇyāv'''iru''' || miš'''au''' || miš'''irau'''

| nāmv'''ei''' || nāmv'''irei''' || gṇyāv'''ei''' || gṇyāv'''irei''' || miš'''ei''' || miš'''irei'''

| nāmv'''ek''' || nāmv'''irek''' || gṇyāv'''ek''' || gṇyāv'''irek''' || miš'''ek''' || miš'''irek'''

| nāmv'''aram''' || nāmv'''irlam''' || gṇyau'''ram''' || gṇyāv'''irlam''' || miš'''aram''' || miš'''irlam'''

| nāmv'''ares''' || nāmv'''irles''' || gṇyau'''res''' || gṇyāv'''irles''' || miš'''ares''' || miš'''irles'''

| nāmv'''adat''' || nāmv'''irdat''' || gṇyau'''dat''' || gṇyāv'''irdat''' || miš'''adat''' || miš'''irdat'''

| nāmv'''anāja''' || nāmv'''irāja''' || gṇyau'''nāja''' || gṇyāv'''irāja''' || miš'''anāja''' || miš'''irāja'''

| nāmv'''aneši''' || nāmv'''ireši''' || gṇyau'''neši''' || gṇyāv'''ireši''' || miš'''aneši''' || miš'''ireši'''

| nāmv'''ayivė''' || nāmv'''irivė''' || gṇyau'''yivė''' || gṇyāv'''irivė''' || miš'''ayivė''' || miš'''irivė'''

'''Causative'''<br/>

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan =2 | No ablaut !! colspan =2 | Ablaut !! colspan =2 | Inverse ablaut

! colspan=2 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to make crush, press"</small> !! colspan=2 | mišake <br/><small>"to show; ''int.:'' learn"</small> !! colspan=2 | valde <br/><small>"to make open"</small>

! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>

| nāmv'''ildau''' || nāmv'''ildrau''' || maiš'''ildau''' || maiš'''ildrau''' || uvald'''ildau''' || uvald'''ildrau'''

| nāmv'''ildei''' || nāmv'''ildrei''' || maiš'''ildei''' || maiš'''ildrei''' || uvald'''ildei''' || uvald'''ildrei'''

| nāmv'''ildek''' || nāmv'''ildrek''' || maiš'''ildek''' || maiš'''ildrek''' || uvald'''ildek''' || uvald'''ildrek'''

| nāmv'''ildaram''' || nāmv'''ildṛvam''' || maiš'''ildaram''' || maiš'''ildṛvam''' || uvald'''ildaram''' || uvald'''ildṛvam'''

| nāmv'''ildares''' || nāmv'''ildṛves''' || maiš'''ildares''' || maiš'''ildṛves''' || uvald'''ildares''' || uvald'''ildṛves'''

| nāmv'''ildat''' || nāmv'''ildṛdat''' || maiš'''ildat''' || maiš'''ildṛdat''' || uvald'''ildat''' || uvald'''ildṛdat'''

| nāmv'''ildāja''' || nāmv'''ildrāja''' || maiš'''ildāja''' || maiš'''ildrāja''' || uvald'''ildāja''' || meš'''ildrāja'''

| nāmv'''ildeši''' || nāmv'''ildreši''' || maiš'''ildeši''' || maiš'''ildreši''' || uvald'''ildeši''' || uvald'''ildreši'''

| nāmv'''ildivė''' || nāmv'''ildṛyivė''' || maiš'''ildivė''' || maiš'''ildṛyivė''' || uvald'''ildivė''' || uvald'''ildṛyivė'''

===Perfect Indicative===

The perfect is formed with the same terminations for all verbs. The particularity of this tense is that it uses a special stem, formed by prefijing the root vowel (shortened, oral, and with the basic root ablaut) to the stem. Examples:

Causative stems with ablaut have a full reduplication, using the first consonant plus the basic vowel grade, like ''miš- → maiš- → mimaiš-''.

A few verbs have irregular stems:

* ''flulke'' "to go (unidirectional)" = "elīs-" <small>(in arch. Chlouvānem both ''evlīs-'' and ''eflīs-'' are found)</small>

* ''lilke'' “to live” = ''lælī-''

* ''dṛke'' “to do” = ''dadrā-''

Note that in the perfect, the 3rd person does not distinguish number:

|-

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative

! colspan=4 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>

|-

| anāmv'''am''' || anāmv'''iram''' || anāmv'''ildam''' || anāmv'''ildṛm'''

|-

| anāmv'''es''' || anāmv'''ires''' || anāmv'''ildes''' || anāmv'''ildṛs'''

|-

| anāmv'''a''' || anāmv'''irā''' || anāmv'''ildā''' || anāmv'''ildirā'''

|-

| anāmv'''ara''' || anāmv'''irala''' || anāmv'''ildara''' || anāmv'''ildrāh'''

|-

| anāmv'''ari''' || anāmv'''irali''' || anāmv'''ildari''' || anāmv'''ildrai'''

| anāmv'''a''' || anāmv'''irā''' || anāmv'''ildā''' || anāmv'''ildirā'''

|-

| anāmv'''ima''' || anāmv'''irma''' || anāmv'''ildima''' || anāmv'''ildṛma'''

|-

| anāmv'''iša''' || anāmv'''irša''' || anāmv'''ildiša''' || anāmv'''ildṛša'''

|-

| anāmv'''a''' || anāmv'''irā''' || anāmv'''ildā''' || anāmv'''ildirā'''

The future tense does not vary between conjugations, and the stem - except for causative verbs - is always the one used in the infinitive. Like the perfect, the future does not distinguish number in the 3rd person (historically, the endings were the same, as the future was built with the perfect of PLB *išəj- (to take)).

! colspan=4 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>

|-

| nāmv'''iṣyam''' || nāmv'''iriṣyam''' || nāmv'''ildiṣyam''' || nāmv'''ildirṣyam'''

|-

| nāmv'''iṣyes''' || nāmv'''iriṣyes''' || nāmv'''ildiṣyes''' || nāmv'''ildirṣyes'''

|-

| nāmv'''iṣya''' || nāmv'''iriṣya''' || nāmv'''ildiṣya''' || nāmv'''ildirṣya'''

|-

| nāmv'''iṣyara''' || nāmv'''iriṣyara''' || nāmv'''ildiṣyara''' || nāmv'''ildirṣyara'''

| nāmv'''iṣyari''' || nāmv'''iriṣyari''' || nāmv'''ildiṣyari''' || nāmv'''ildirṣyari'''

| nāmv'''iṣya''' || nāmv'''iriṣya''' || nāmv'''ildiṣya''' || nāmv'''ildirṣya'''

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

| nāmv'''iṣīma''' || nāmv'''iriṣīma''' || nāmv'''ildiṣīma''' || nāmv'''ildirṣīma'''

| nāmv'''iṣīsa''' || nāmv'''iriṣīsa''' || nāmv'''ildiṣīsa''' || nāmv'''ildirṣīsa'''

| nāmv'''iṣya''' || nāmv'''iriṣya''' || nāmv'''ildiṣya''' || nāmv'''ildirṣya'''

Chlouvānem has seven voices, marked by affixes added, in unprefixed verbs, at the end of the verb. As the patient-trigger voice (common voice in interior verbs) is unmarked, the six voice markers are:

* '''-te''' for agent-trigger voice (in exterior verbs only) — but note that ''-ė-te'' (in most 3sg verbs) becomes ''-egde'' (as ''-ė'' derives from historical *-eg);

* '''-kæ''' for benefactive-trigger voice;

* '''-tū''' ('''-tur''' non-finally) for antibenefactive-trigger voice;

* '''-pan''' for locative-trigger voice;

* '''-mea''' for instrumental-trigger voice;

* '''-ūsi''' for dative-trigger voice.

Examples of voice marking are ''męliė'' (he/she/it is given) — ''męliegde'' (he/she/it gives) (and ''męliu'' (I am given) → ''męliute'' "I give") — ''męliėkæ'' (something is given for him/her/it) — ''męliėtū'' (something is given against him/her/it) — ''męliėpan'' (something is given in him/her/it) — ''męliėmea'' (something is given with him/her/it) — ''męliegūsi'' (something is given to him/her/it).

In prefixed verbs, voice marking is a bit different as the voice marker is inserted between the prefix and the stem, thus forms like ''yāyųlė'' (he/she/it is eaten too much) → ''yāteyųlė'' (he/she/it eats too much). Saṃdhi is applied if needed, e.g. "something is eaten for him/her/it directly from a tree" is ''taktæyųlė'' (morphemically ''tad-kæ-yųlė'', verb ''tadyųlake'').

===The subjunctive mood===

The subjunctive mood only distinguishes aspects and not tense; it is formed by special terminations and has exterior, interior, regular and causative forms.

The subjunctive is fairly regular for all verbs, using (except in the causative conjugation) the most basic form of the root — that is, without nā/nī suffixes and in basic grade ablaut; the only exceptions being inverse ablauting roots which use their weakened form (e.g. ''valde'' uses ''uld-'' and not ''vald-'').