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| ! Malefactive | | ! Malefactive |
| | -nusk- | | | -nusk- |
| |}
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| ==== Preverb 6 Control Affixes ====
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| The Inverse Volitional affix interacts with the semantics of the verb root. If a verb root semantically implies the Agent has no control over an event, or the event is by happenstance and not by deliberate intent, the Inverse Volitional derives a verb that implies the Agent has control of an event or is actively seeking to determine its outcome. As an illustration, the verb root ''-sar-'' (to see) implies happenstance, where as the addition of the Inverse Volitional affix, yielding the form ''kaħsaran'' < ''-kah-sar-'' changes the meaning to "to look at" or even "to stare at". In contrast, the verb root ''-misk-'' (to be ill) semantically implies lack of control. Adding the Inverse Volitional Affix plus the Reflexive-Benefactive ''-sakšar-'' to yield the form ''kaħmisksakšaran'' < ''-kah-misk-sakšar'' changes the meaning to "to deliberately infect oneself in order to play hooky".
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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| ! Theme
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| ! Affix
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| ! Inverse Volitional
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| | -kah-
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| ! Partial Control
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| | -šk(e)-
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| |} | | |} |
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