Kola: Difference between revisions

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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
! rowspan="2" | Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
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! plain
! plain
! labialized
! labialized
! laminal<small><sup>1</sup></small>
! apical<small><sup>1</sup></small>
! plain
! plain
! labialized
! labialized
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| m
| m
| mʷ
| mʷ
| n
| colspan="2" | n
|
| ɲ  
| ɲ  
| ŋ
| ŋ
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|  
|  
| tʼ
| tʼ
| (ʈʼ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
| (ʈʼ)
|  
|  
| kʼ
| kʼ
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|
|
| tʰ
| tʰ
| (ʈʰ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
| (ʈʰ)
|  
|  
| kʰ
| kʰ
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|
|
| d
| d
| (ɖ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
| (ɖ)
|  
|  
| ɡ
| ɡ
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|
|
| s
| s
| (ʂ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
| (ʂ)
| ʃ
| ʃ
| χ
| χ
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|
|
| z
| z
| (ʐ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
| (ʐ)
| (ʒ)<small><sup>2</sup></small>
| (ʒ)<small><sup>3</sup></small>
| ʁ
| ʁ
| ʁʷ
| ʁʷ
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|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan = "2" | Approximant/Liquid
! colspan = "2" | Approximant
|  
|  
|  
|  
| l
| colspan="2" | l
| r
| j
| j
|  
|  
| w
| w
|
|
|-
! colspan = "2" | Tap/Trill
|
|
| colspan="2" | r
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
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'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
<small><sup>1</sup></small> The consonants /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, d, s, z/ may be either apical or laminal in the standard language. The stops /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, d/ may be dental or alveolar.


<small><sup>1</sup></small> The "retroflex" consonants /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, ɖ, ʂ, ʐ/ are not truly retroflex but rather apical alveolar or post-alveolar. They occur dialectally and correspond to standard /t͡ʃʼ, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, d͡ʒ/ respectively.
<small><sup>2</sup></small> The consonants /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, ɖ, ʂ, ʐ/ are apical alveolar or post-alveolar. They occur dialectally and correspond to standard /t͡ʃʼ, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, d͡ʒ/ respectively. In these dialects, /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, d/ are laminal and/or dental.


<small><sup>2</sup></small> The distinction between /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ has been lost in the standard language (where they occur in free variation), but is still present in some dialects.
<small><sup>3</sup></small> The distinction between /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ has been lost in the standard language (where they occur in free variation), but is still present in some dialects.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===

Revision as of 05:30, 21 September 2017

Kola (Native: ጅቆለ /d͡ʒɨkʼolə/, Latin script: Jïqolä) is a Bantu language spoken by the Kola people .

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Coronal Palatal/
Postalveolar
Velar Pharyngeal Glottal
plain labialized laminal1 apical1 plain labialized
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Stop ejective (ʈʼ) kʷʼ
aspirated (ʈʰ) kʷʰ ʔ
voiced b d (ɖ) ɡ ɡʷ
Affricate ejective t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ
aspirated t͡ʃʰ
voiced d͡ʒ
Fricative voiceless f s (ʂ) ʃ χ χʷ ħ h
voiced v z (ʐ) (ʒ)3 ʁ ʁʷ ʕ
Approximant l j w
Tap/Trill r

Notes: 1 The consonants /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, d, s, z/ may be either apical or laminal in the standard language. The stops /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, d/ may be dental or alveolar.

2 The consonants /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, ɖ, ʂ, ʐ/ are apical alveolar or post-alveolar. They occur dialectally and correspond to standard /t͡ʃʼ, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, d͡ʒ/ respectively. In these dialects, /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, d/ are laminal and/or dental.

3 The distinction between /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ has been lost in the standard language (where they occur in free variation), but is still present in some dialects.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
  Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e ə o
Low a

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

The maximum allowed syllable structure is CVCC word-finally and CVC otherwise. Consonant clusters with more than two consonants are broken up by inserting the epenthetic vowel /ɨ/. /ɨ/ is also added (in speech only) after a word-final consonant cluster when the following word begins in a vowel.

Vowels cannot occur in hiatus. When this would happen, they are separated with epenthetic consonants such as /j/, /w/, or /ʔ/.

Morphophonology

Sandhi

Consonant Mutations

Spirantization:

p’, pʰ > f

b, w . v

t’, tʰ, t͡s’ > s

d, l, r > z

t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ > ʃ

(d͡ʒ > ʒ)

(t͇’, t͇ʰ, d͇ > θ͇, θ͇, ð͇)

k’, kʰ, g > χ, ħ, ʕ

ŋ, ʔ > ʁ

Nasalization:

p’, t’, (t͇’), t͡s’, t͡ʃ’, k(ʷ)’ > pʰ, tʰ, (t͇ʰ), s, t͡ʃʰ, k(ʷ)ʰ

w, j > b, d͡ʒ

l, r > d

ŋ(ʷ), ʔ > g(ʷ)

χ, ʁ > ħ, ʕ

Ø > ɲ / _V

Palatalization:

ŋ, ʔ > j

k’, kʰ > t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ

χ, ħ, h > ʃ

g, ʁ, ʕ > d͡ʒ, (ʒ, ʒ)

Labialization:

ŋ, ʔ, k’, kʰ, g > ŋʷ, w, kʷ’, kʷʰ, gʷ

χ, ħ, h > χʷ

ʁ, ʕ > ʁʷ

Historical Phonology

Grand master plan for Kola (ጅቆለ)

(Proto-Bantu reconstruction taken from Wikipedia.[1] To avoid confusion, Proto-Bantu *j is written ɟ)

ɟ > Ø / V_a, ɲ_a

ɟ > Ø / (i/ɪ)_ (i/ɪ)

p, b > p͡f, b͡v / _i, _u

t, d > t͡s, d͡z / _i, _u

c, ɟ > c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ / _i, _u

k, g > k͡x, g͡ɣ / _i, _u

ɪ, ʊ > i, u

i, e, u, o > j, j, w, w (transfers high tone to following vowel) / _V

V́, VV > V: (VV = doubled vowel)

ie, ei > e:

uo, ou > o:

ai, ae, au, ao > e:, e:, o:, o:

b, d, ɟ, g > β̞, l, j, ɰ / not preceded by nasal

p͡f, b͡v > f, v / not preceded by nasal

t͡s, d͡z > s, z / not preceded by nasal

c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ > ç, ʝ / not preceded by nasal

k͡x, g͡ɣ > x, ɣ / not preceded by nasal

c, ɟ > t͡s, d͡z / _a(:)

c, ɟ > t͡ɬ, d͡ɮ / _o(:), _u(:)

c, ɟ > t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ / _e(:), _i(:)

[-voiced +prenasalized +stop/affricate ] > [-prenasalized +aspirated] (i.e. mp, nt, etc > pʰ, tʰ, etc for all voiceless stops and affricates)

[-voiced -aspirated +stop/affricate ] > [+voiced] / in grammatical morphemes

[-voiced -aspirated +stop/affricate] > [+ejective] / otherwise

[+voiced +prenasalized +stop/affricate] > [-prenasalized] / #_, V:_ (i.e. mb, nd, etc > b, d, etc)

[+voiced +prenasalized +stop/affricate] > [-prenasalized +geminate] / V_

NN > N / #_, V:_

velar > palatal / before front vowel

c͡ç’, c͡çʰ, ɟ͡ʝ > t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ

c’, cʰ, ɟ > t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ

ç, ʝ > ʃ, ʒ

k͡xʰ, g͡ɣ > qʰ, ɢ

p͡fʰ, b͡v > f, v

t͡sʰ, d͡z > s, z

t͡ɬ’, t͡ɬʰ, d͡ɮ > t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ (dialectal t͇’, t͇ʰ, d͇, with t’, tʰ, d being dental)

ɬ, ɮ > ʃ, ʒ (dialectal θ͇, ð͇)

ɰ > ŋ / always / ɰV_ + sporadic

qʰ, ɢ > χ, ʁ

Kw > Kʷ (where K = kʼ, kʰ, ɡ, ŋ, χ, ʁ, x, ɣ)

β̞ w, ɰw> w

β̞ > w

mw > mʷ / in grammatical prefixes

χ, ʁ > ħ, ʕ (this does not affect the labialized equivalents)

x(ʷ), ɣ(ʷ) > χ(ʷ), ʁ(ʷ)

ʒ > d͡ʒ (not in all dialects)

a, e, o > ə

a:, e:, o: > a, e, o

i, u > ɨ

i:, u: > i, u

wɨ, jɨ > u, i / _C

ɨ > Ø / _#, VC_C (starting from beginning of word) / disallowed by phonotactics

j > Ø / C_V

ɰ > ʔ

l > r / sporadic

χ, ħ > h / sporadic

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources