Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
| Line 991: | Line 991: | ||
Standard Chlouvānem as spoken today uses the following morphological pronouns (not including those that follow nominal inflection): | Standard Chlouvānem as spoken today uses the following morphological pronouns (not including those that follow nominal inflection): | ||
* 1st person '''lili''' (sg.), '''lilše''' (dual), and '''main''' (pl.). | * 1st person '''lili''' (sg.), '''lilše''' (dual), and '''main''' (pl.). | ||
* 2nd person informal '''sāmi''' (sg.), '''saše''' (dual | * 2nd person informal '''sāmi''' (sg.), '''saše''' (dual). | ||
* 2nd person formal superior ''' | * 2nd person formal superior '''nani''' (sg.; also used for 2nd plural, both informal and formal generic) and '''naiše''' (dual).
| ||
* 2nd person formal equal ''' | * 2nd person formal equal '''ravi''' (sg.) and '''raude''' (dual). | ||
* 2nd person formal inferior ''' | * 2nd person formal inferior '''kūri''' (sg.) and '''kūrḍe''' (dual). | ||
* 3rd person '''tami''' (sg.), '''taṃše''' (dual), and '''toman''' (pl.). | * 3rd person '''tami''' (sg.), '''taṃše''' (dual), and '''toman''' (pl.). | ||
* Reflexive '''demi''' (mandatory for 3rd person, commonly used also for 1st and 2nd). | * Reflexive '''demi''' (mandatory for 3rd person, commonly used also for 1st and 2nd). | ||
| Line 1,000: | Line 1,000: | ||
The pronouns doubling as adjectives are: | The pronouns doubling as adjectives are: | ||
* Three demonstratives, all declining for case only, not for number: proximal '''nenė'''; medial '''nunū'''; distal '''nanā'''. | * Three demonstratives, all declining for case only, not for number: proximal '''nenė'''; medial '''nunū'''; distal '''nanā'''. | ||
* The possessives: '''liliā''', '''meyā''', '''sāmiā''', ''' | * The possessives: '''liliā''', '''meyā''', '''sāmiā''', '''naniā''', '''ravyā''', '''kūriā''', '''tamiā'''; '''tomiā''', '''tameṣyā''', ('''yaniā'''). | ||
Among younger speakers in some areas the Jade Coast, most notably in Līlasuṃghāṇa, Taitepamba, and Mileyīkhā, demonstratives and possessives are not inflected at all, e.g. ''lili nanā phėcamu mišau'' "I saw that cat" instead of standard ''lili nanau phėcamu mišau''. | Among younger speakers in some areas the Jade Coast, most notably in Līlasuṃghāṇa, Taitepamba, and Mileyīkhā, demonstratives and possessives are not inflected at all, e.g. ''lili nanā phėcamu mišau'' "I saw that cat" instead of standard ''lili nanau phėcamu mišau''. | ||
| Line 1,067: | Line 1,067: | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''yavyāta''' and '''yakaliyātam''' are used as formal second person plural pronouns; they are however nouns and decline as such (as singular 1-h and 1-m declension respectively, but they take plural verbs and adjectives). Various other nouns may be used as second- or third-person pronouns depending on the situation; see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|the following section on honorifics]] for a list of them and their usage. | '''yavyāta''' (though often replaced by ''nani'') and '''yakaliyātam''' are used as formal second person plural pronouns; they are however nouns and decline as such (as singular 1-h and 1-m declension respectively, but they take plural verbs and adjectives). Various other nouns may be used as second- or third-person pronouns depending on the situation; see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|the following section on honorifics]] for a list of them and their usage. | ||
=== Correlatives === | === Correlatives === | ||