Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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** The basic, semantically patientive forms, are the interior ones (with the stem ''nañ-gy-ir''), and they only exist for the third persons - e.g. ''najire'' "it happens", ''najirde'' "they (dual) happen", ''najirean'' "they happen", and so on.

** It uses analytic constructions for most moods, e.g. ''najakenovake'' "can happen" > ''najakenovė'' "it can happen"; ''najakedaudike'' "to be wanted to happen" > ''najakedaudiute'' "I want it to happen" — forms such as the synthetic ''najinai'' or ''namuñjute'' are found only in archaic (mostly pre-Classical) texts or with other uses - as e.g. ''najinai'' being the most common word for "maybe".

====The honorific verb ''tilah''====

The verb ''tilah'' is the only Chlouvānem verb which does not have an infinitive form and is only used, attached to the ''an-form'' of a particular verb, as a marker of politeness. Its use dates from the early Second Era, as an adaptation of Ancient Kūṣṛmāṭhi ''tiluru'' (to obey) and, in the past, of ''nuyuru'' (to serve). Apart from the lack of an infinitive, it has some particularities, namely that it only conjugates in the three basic moods (indicative, subjunctive, and optative). The ''juniai'' are not marked on ''tilah'' but on the true verb (in ''an-form'') and it is also defective in lacking evidentials and consequentials (the form without ''tilah'' is used instead).

Its conjugation is mostly regular but has some particularities:

* The indicative present exterior is as for ''ah-verbs'' but shortened: ''tilah - tilši - tilah - tilšou - tilądia - tiląde - tilęm - tiląšin - tilah''; the present interior is as for all regular ''ah-verbs'' (''tilęru, tilęri, tilęre...'').

* The causative forms show haplology of *il-ild to ''ilьd'': ''tilьdeyam, tilьdeši, tilьden...'' interior ''tilьdryam, tilьdrši, tilьdiren...''

* The indicative past exterior uses a stem ''ny-'' in the singular and dual and just ''ni-'' in the plural: ''nyau - nyei - nyek - nyaram - nyares - nyadat - nināja - nineši - nīvė''; the interior and the causative are regular using ''ny-er-'', ''ny-eld(r)-'' (''nyerau, nyerei, nyerek...'' ''nyeldau, nyeldei, nyeldek...'' ''nyeldrau, nyeldrei, nyeldrek...'').

* The perfect exterior has the stem ''nīl-'' and has a shortened 1PL and 2PL: ''nīlam - nīles - nīla - nīlara - nīlari - nīla - nīlьma - nīlьša - nīla''. The interior has ''nīlьr-'' (''nīlьram, nīlьres, nīlьrā...'') and the causative ''nīlьd-'' (''nīlьdam, nīlьdes, nīlьdā...'' ''nīlьdṛm, nīlьdṛs, nīlьdirā...'').

* The future is regular, but the endings (as well as the interior and the causative forms) all start with ''e'' instead of ''i'': ''tileṣyam, tileṣyes, tileṣya...'' Note that the causative forms have dissimilation of the stem to ''tireld-'' (''tireldiṣyam...'' ''tireldirṣyam...'').

* The subjunctive imperfective exterior is regular with the stem ''til-'' in the 1SG (''tilatiam'') and only ''t'' in the others (''tīsei, tīti...''). The interior has ''tiler-'' and the causative ''tireld-''.

* The subjunctive perfective exterior always has the stem ''t-'' (''tevitam, tevšei, tevite...''); the interior has ''tilьr-'' and the causative ''tilьd-'')

* The optative is completely regular, with the (regular) stem ''tilouna-''.

===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs===

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 ** The basic, semantically patientive forms, are the interior ones (with the stem ''nañ-gy-ir''), and they only exist for the third persons - e.g. ''najire'' "it happens", ''najirde'' "they (dual) happen", ''najirean'' "they happen", and so on.
 ** It uses analytic constructions for most moods, e.g. ''najakenovake'' "can happen" > ''najakenovė'' "it can happen"; ''najakedaudike'' "to be wanted to happen" > ''najakedaudiute'' "I want it to happen" — forms such as the synthetic ''najinai'' or ''namuñjute'' are found only in archaic (mostly pre-Classical) texts or with other uses - as e.g. ''najinai'' being the most common word for "maybe".
+====The honorific verb ''tilah''====
+The verb ''tilah'' is the only Chlouvānem verb which does not have an infinitive form and is only used, attached to the ''an-form'' of a particular verb, as a marker of politeness. Its use dates from the early Second Era, as an adaptation of Ancient Kūṣṛmāṭhi ''tiluru'' (to obey) and, in the past, of ''nuyuru'' (to serve). Apart from the lack of an infinitive, it has some particularities, namely that it only conjugates in the three basic moods (indicative, subjunctive, and optative). The ''juniai'' are not marked on ''tilah'' but on the true verb (in ''an-form'') and it is also defective in lacking evidentials and consequentials (the form without ''tilah'' is used instead).
+Its conjugation is mostly regular but has some particularities:
+* The indicative present exterior is as for ''ah-verbs'' but shortened: ''tilah - tilši - tilah - tilšou - tilądia - tiląde - tilęm - tiląšin - tilah''; the present interior is as for all regular ''ah-verbs'' (''tilęru, tilęri, tilęre...'').
+* The causative forms show haplology of *il-ild to ''ilьd'': ''tilьdeyam, tilьdeši, tilьden...'' interior ''tilьdryam, tilьdrši, tilьdiren...''
+* The indicative past exterior uses a stem ''ny-'' in the singular and dual and just ''ni-'' in the plural: ''nyau - nyei - nyek - nyaram - nyares - nyadat - nināja - nineši - nīvė''; the interior and the causative are regular using ''ny-er-'', ''ny-eld(r)-'' (''nyerau, nyerei, nyerek...'' ''nyeldau, nyeldei, nyeldek...'' ''nyeldrau, nyeldrei, nyeldrek...'').
+* The perfect exterior has the stem ''nīl-'' and has a shortened 1PL and 2PL: ''nīlam - nīles - nīla - nīlara - nīlari - nīla - nīlьma - nīlьša - nīla''. The interior has ''nīlьr-'' (''nīlьram, nīlьres, nīlьrā...'') and the causative ''nīlьd-'' (''nīlьdam, nīlьdes, nīlьdā...'' ''nīlьdṛm, nīlьdṛs, nīlьdirā...'').
+* The future is regular, but the endings (as well as the interior and the causative forms) all start with ''e'' instead of ''i'': ''tileṣyam, tileṣyes, tileṣya...'' Note that the causative forms have dissimilation of the stem to ''tireld-'' (''tireldiṣyam...'' ''tireldirṣyam...'').
+* The subjunctive imperfective exterior is regular with the stem ''til-'' in the 1SG (''tilatiam'') and only ''t'' in the others (''tīsei, tīti...''). The interior has ''tiler-'' and the causative ''tireld-''.
+* The subjunctive perfective exterior always has the stem ''t-'' (''tevitam, tevšei, tevite...''); the interior has ''tilьr-'' and the causative ''tilьd-'')
+* The optative is completely regular, with the (regular) stem ''tilouna-''.
 ===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs===