Voþken: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 07:54, 5 November 2017

Voþken
Voþken
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]]
Created byiancgil
  • Voþken
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t/ k /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ þ /θ/ s /s/ c /ʃ/ h /x/
voiced v /v/ ð /ð/ s [z]*
Approximant r /ɹ/ y /j/
Lateral Approximant l /l/

*allophone

Vowels

Front Central Back Diphthongs
Close i /i/ u /u/
Near-Close i/y /ɪ/ [ɪ]* o /ʊ/
Close-Mid ei/ey /ej/
Mid e [ə]*
Open-Mid e /ɛ/ oi/oy /ɔɪ/
Near-Open a /æ/
Open a [a]* ai/ay /aj/

*allophone

Phonotactics

Allowed Syllables

  • (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Consonant Clusters Word Initial

  • [fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
  • [stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]

Word Internal

Word Final

  • [fricative]+[stop]
  • [stop]+[fricative]
  • /m/+/b/
  • /n/+[stop,excluding /b/]

Phonological Rules

  • /ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
  • /s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
  • /s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
  • /ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
  • /j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
  • /j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
  • /j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
  • /æ/ > [a] / _/j/$

Stress

Grammar

Word Order

OVS, V2

Morphosyntactic Alignment

Ergative-Absolutive

Morphology

Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.

Derivational Morphology

Verb to Noun
Verb -ag -eg -ig -og
Suffix -aygan -eygen -ygyn -oygon

Examples:
norgig - to be curious
norgygyn - curiosity

menig - to enjoy
menygyn - enjoyment

cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenoygon - infatuation

eþag - to sleep
eþaygan - slumber

Verb to Adjective
Verb -ag -eg -ig -og
Suffix -any -eny -iny -ony


Examples:

menig - to enjoy
meniny - enjoyable

cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenony - loveable

wesog - to destroy
wesony - destroyable

cwinag - to give
cwinany - giveable

Voþken English Approximation
Adjective to: Adverb -dwa -ly
Noun -ah -ness
Verb -unk -ize, -ise
Adjective -sla -ish
Noun to Adjective

Nouns

Absolutive Ergative Genitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
goþ goþwa goþest goþwest goþyr goþwyr
stur sturwa sturest sturwest sturyr sturwyr
vent ventwa ventest ventwest ventyr ventwyr
vekna veknaw veknast veknawst veknayr veknawyr
sure surew surest surewst sureyr surewyr

Pronouns

Absolutive Ergative Genitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person on onne onest onnest onyr onneyr
Second Person uððe uðest uððest uðyr uððeyr
Third Person ta itta test ittest tayr ittayr
Zeroth Person suþ suþþe suþest suþþest suþyr suþþeyr

Correlatives

Interrogative Demonstrative Quantifier
Proximal Medial Distal Assertive Existential Elective Existential Universal Negatory Positive Alternative
Determiner Singular gew
which
led
this
loyd
that
seg
yon
vyn
some
byt
any
whichever
whichsoever
veyl
every
each
all
þwiv
no
dant
another
Plural gic
what
ledeþ
these
loydeþ
those
segeþ
yonder
Pronoun Human Singular ðycegoþ
who
ledah
this
loydah
that
segah
yon
byrcgoþ
someone
bytgoþ
anyone
anybody
whoever
veylgoþ
everyone
everybody
all
þwivgoþ
no one
nobody
dantgoþ
another
someone else
somebody else
Plural ðycegoþeþ
whom
ledhe
these
loydhe
those
seghe
yonder
byrcgoþeþ
somebody
bytgoþeþ
whomever
whosoever
whomsoever
Nonhuman Singular ðyce
what
ledah
this
loydah
that
segah
yon
byrc
something
byt
anything
whatever
whatsoever
veyl
everything
all
þwiv
nothing
dant
something else
else
other
Plural ðyceþ
what
ledhe
these
loydhe
those
seghe
yonder
Out of Two (dual) ðysuþ
which one
ledsuþ
this one
loydsuþ
that one
segsuþ
yon
suþ
one
Out of Many (plural) ðysuþþe
which
ledsuþþe
these
loydsuþþe
those
segsuþþe
yonder
suþþe
some
Pro-Adverb Location
Source
Goal
Time
Manner
Reason

Verbs

-ag -ig -og -eg ayg
eþag - to sleep venig - to have hadog - to want waneg - to do ayg - to be
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Present eþwa ven venwi had hadwo wan wanwe ay aywi
Perfect eþat eþact venit venict hadot hadoct wanet wanect ayt ayct
Imperfect ay eþat ay eþact ay venit ay venict ay hadot ay hadoct ay wanet ay wanect ay ayt ay ayct
Pluperfect ayt eþat ayct eþact ayt venit ayct venict ayt hadot ayct hadoct ayt wanet ayct wanect ayt ayt ayct ayct
Future eþwað eþwaðy venwið venwiðy hadoð hadoðy waneð waneðy ayð ayðy

Passive

The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.

Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.

Modal Particles

All modal particles precede the verb phrase

Particle Expressing Example Translation
va Advice Uð va cwel. You ought to run.
ði Logical Conclusion/Certainty Kyað itta ði ay voyact He must have drank the water.
cwat Polite Permission On cwat sun þray? Might I leave?
ef Ability On ef cwel. I can run.
lo Possibility On lo noyk. I could fall.
veh Probability On veh sun. I may leave.
loy Permission Kyað onest loy voy þray? May I drink the water?
beg Obligation On beg sun. I must leave.
wyv Partial Obligation On wyv sun. I should leave.

Mood Particles

All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.

Particle Mood Example Translation
n/a Indicative Stur onest askit. I went home.
von Imperative Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
þray Interrogative Uð vaskdwa ay þray? Are you well?

Negation

Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.

Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.

Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
Stur uðest ask þwi von. (You) [do] not go home.

Adjectives

Adjectives precede what it is modifying.

Predicative Adjectives

Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.

Adjective Order

Adverbs

Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.

Adpositions

Questions

The Interrogative

Yes/No/Yea/Nay

Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.

Affirmative
Uð vaskdwa ay þray? - Are you well?
Hwa. - Yes.
Ða - No.

Negative
Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray? - Are you well?
Hact. - Yea.
Ðeu - Nay.

Question Words

Numbers

The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.

Digit Powers of 12
12^0 12^1 12^2 12^3 12^4 12^5
1 gad gadur gadara gadora gadira gadurþa
2 þes þesur þesara þesora þesira þesurþa
3 an anur anara anora anira anurþa
4 syk sykur sykara sykora sykira sykurþa
5 wyk wykur wykara wykora wykira wykurþa
6 vað vaður vaðara vaðora vaðira vaðarþa
7 nesk neskur neskara neskora neskira neskurþa
8 com comur comara comora comira comurþa
9 pwa pwar pwara pwaora pwaira pwarþa
10 syen syenur syenara syenora syenira syenurþa
11 foyl foylur foylara foylora foylira foylurþa

Sample Texts