Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

Chlouvānem has only a very small number of truly irregular verbs, as most verbs conform in some way to one of the various stem classes. Even among irregular verbs, many of them are only irregular in the formation of one of their three basic stems; only six verbs (''flulke, milke, mṛcce, lilke, gyake'', and ''tilah'') have at least one entirely suppletive stem.

Excluding the highly irregular ''gyake'' and ''tilah'', treated in the next sections, the other verbs with suppletive stems are:

====The verb "to be" (gyake)====

The verb "to be" is suppletive as it uses various different stems (from Proto-Lahob ''*gəjó'', ''*woŋ—*uŋ'', ''*mōws'' respectively) and irregularly — for example, the future indicative is morphologically a present.

Note that the indicative present is very rarely used, as the copula is usually dropped in most cases; when used with the meaning of "to have" (e.g. ''lili mæn tulūʔa yambras ulīran'' "I have six pears" (lit.: I <small>TOPIC</small> six pears are)) it is considered better not to drop it, but it is often done nevertheless in common speech.

! Person !! Present !! Past !! Perfect !! Future

| 1SG || valu || mos || egyam || mavū

| 2SG || vali || moši || egyes || mavei

| 3SG || væl || moe || egya || mavė

| 1DU || uñou || moram || egyara || mayou

| 2DU || undia || mores || egyari || maudia

| 3DU || unde || moḍat || egya || maude

| 1PL || ūlįm || monāja || egima || maulieh

| 2PL || ulšin || moneši || egiša || maušin

| 3PL || ulīran || mošivė || egya || mavīran

 

Present tense or imperfective aspect of all other primary moods included as examples in this table:

| 1SG || gyekṣam || gyatiam || jeivu || jeivikṣam || muñju || mokṣyu || ginau || maippu

| 2SG || gyekṣa || gīsei || jeivi || jeivikṣa || muñji || mokṣyi || ginai || maippi

| 3SG || gyekṣai || gīti || jeivė || jeivikṣai || muñje || mokṣyė || ginai || maippė

| 1DU || — || gīderam || jeivayou || — || muñjayou || mokṣyayou || gināyou || maippuyou

| 2DU || — || gīderes || jeivadia || — || muñjadia || mokṣyadia || ginādia || maippudia

| 3DU || — || gīdeh || jeivade || — || muñjade || mokṣyade || gināde || maippude

| 1PL || gyekṣumi || gīneja || jeivalieh || jeivikṣumi || muñjalieh || mokṣyalieh || ginālieh || maippulieh

| 2PL || gyekṣus || gīniši || jeivašin || jeivikṣus || muñjašin || mokṣyašin || gināšin || maippušin

| 3PL || gyekṣat || gīyevatь || jeivīran || jeivikṣat || muñjīran || mokṣīran || gineran || maippīran

* ''pṛšcāṃgyake'' "to like"<ref>More properly "to be pleasing", e.g. ''lunai loh pṛšcāmvæl'' "tea is pleasing to me" → "I like tea".</ref> → present ''pṛšcāmvalu'', ''pṛšcāmvali'', ''pṛšcāmvæl''... past ''pṛšcāmmos'', ''pṛšcāmmosi'', ''pṛšcāmmoe''... perfect ''pṛšcāmegyam''... future ''pṛšcāmmavū'' ; the same in other moods, e.g. necessitative present ''pṛšcāmmokṣyu'', ''pṛšcāmmokṣyi''...<br/>Note that in colloquial speech the form of ''gyake'' is omitted in the present indicative, e.g. ''pṛšcām'' is "to be pleasing" for all persons.

* ''najake'' "to happen" (''nañ-gya-'', irregular saṃdhi) morphologically conjugates like ''gyake'' but has some peculiarities:

** Like ''gyake'', there is no agent-, dative-, and instrumental-trigger voice, but the patient-trigger voice has a dative meaning - e.g. ''navalu'' "it happens to me".

** The basic, semantically patientive forms, are the interior ones (with the stem ''nañ-gy-ir''), and they only exist for the third persons - e.g. ''najire'' "it happens", ''najirde'' "they (dual) happen", ''najirean'' "they happen", and so on.

** It uses analytic constructions for most moods, e.g. ''najakenovake'' "can happen" > ''najakenovė'' "it can happen"; ''najakedaudike'' "to be wanted to happen" > ''najakedaudiute'' "I want it to happen" — forms such as the synthetic ''najinai'' or ''namuñjute'' are found only in archaic (mostly pre-Classical) texts or with other uses - as e.g. ''najinai'' being the most common word for "maybe".