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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:34, 10 August 2013

627 bytes added ,  10 August 2013
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The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns.
The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''First declension'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|
! colspan="9"| '''First declension'''
! colspan="8"|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
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The second declension consists primarily of feminine nouns.
The second declension consists primarily of feminine nouns.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Second declension'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|
! colspan="9"| '''Second declension'''
! colspan="8"|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
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The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders.
The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Third declension'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|
! colspan="9"| '''Third declension'''
! colspan="8"|
|-
! rowspan="2"|
|-
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
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|-
|-
!scope="row"|Unpossessed
!scope="row"|Unpossessed
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|-Ø
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|1sg
!scope="row"|1sg
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nin''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|2sg.m
!scope="row"|2sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nize''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|2sg.f
!scope="row"|2sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nivi''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|3sg.m
!scope="row"|3sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nu''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|3sg.f
!scope="row"|3sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-ni''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|4sg.m
!scope="row"|4sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nthu''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|4sg.f
!scope="row"|4sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nthi''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|1ex
!scope="row"|1ex
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nīm''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|1in
!scope="row"|1in
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nint''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|2pl.m
!scope="row"|2pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nys''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|2pl.f
!scope="row"|2pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nyth''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|3pl.m
!scope="row"|3pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nīch''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|3pl.f
!scope="row"|3pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nīr''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|4pl.m
!scope="row"|4pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nthich''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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!scope="row"|4pl.f
!scope="row"|4pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''-nthir''
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Independent personal pronouns'''
|-
!colspan="3"| '''Independent personal pronouns'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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''ťân''
''ťân''
|}
|}
The fourth person has a more "focused" meaning, so it is used as the obviative and for other functions.


====Demonstrative====
====Demonstrative====
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===Table of correlatives===
===Table of correlatives===
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="10"|Table of correlatives
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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=====Basic tense-aspects=====
=====Basic tense-aspects=====
The basic tenses are:
The basic tenses, marked with a combination of tone, suffixes and prefixes, are:
*Present
*Present
*Past imperfective
*Past imperfective
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The jussive bears a wide range of uses:
The jussive bears a wide range of uses:
* optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging);
* optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging);
* prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker ("Don't walk!");
* prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker (''Ham skőtîr!'' "Don't walk!");
* imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer ("He ordered me to go back");
* imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer ("He ordered me to go back");
* purpose clauses, with a relativizer or other conjunctions; ("the word to say").
* purpose clauses, with a relativizer or other conjunctions; ("the word to say").
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Imperative'''
|-
!colspan="3" | '''Imperative'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Present'''
|-
!colspan="3" | '''Present'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Past imperfective'''
|-
!colspan="3" | '''Past imperfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Past perfective'''
|-
!colspan="3" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Future imperfective'''
|-
!colspan="3" | '''Future imperfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Future perfective'''
|-
!colspan="3" | '''Future perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Jussive'''
|-
!colspan="3" | '''Jussive'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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=====Subject affixes=====
=====Subject affixes=====
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Imperative'''
|-
!colspan="3" |'''Imperative'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Present'''
|-
!colspan="3" |'''Present'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Past imperfective'''
|-
!colspan="3" |'''Past imperfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Past perfective'''
|-
!colspan="3" |'''Past perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Future imperfective'''
|-
!colspan="3" |'''Future imperfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Future perfective'''
|-
!colspan="3" |'''Future perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Jussive'''
|-
!colspan="3" |'''Jussive'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
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The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object.
The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Object affixes'''
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Object affixes'''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object.
The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Pronominal enclitics on prepositions'''
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Pronominal enclitics on prepositions'''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Inflection of ''ā, āC'' (comitative)'''
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''ā, āC'' (comitative)'''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Inflection of ''di, d''' 'in, at''''
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''di, d''' 'in, at''''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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