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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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→‎Verbs
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!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2!!3!!/Downstep
!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2!!3!!/Downstep
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|Mood/Evidential/Mirative||Preterite prefix||'''STEM'''||Supplementary aspect||Supplementary voice||Voice-Tense-Aspect-Subject-Object||Voice-Tense-Aspect-Subject
|Mood/Evidential/Mirative||Preterite prefix||'''STEM'''||Supplementary aspect||Supplementary voice||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object||Voice-TAM-Aspect-Subject
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====Tense-aspect-mood====
====Tense-Aspect-Mood====


=====Basic tense-aspects=====
=====Basic TAMs=====
The basic tenses, marked with a combination of tone, suffixes and prefixes, are:
The basic tenses, marked with a combination of tone, suffixes and prefixes, are:
*Imperative
*Present
*Present
*Past imperfective
*Past imperfective
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*Future imperfective
*Future imperfective
*Future perfective
*Future perfective
*Jussive
======Imperative======
The imperative is used to issue positive, direct orders.
======Jussive======
The jussive bears a wide range of uses:
* optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging);
* prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker (''Ham skőtîr!'' "Don't walk!");
* imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer ("He ordered me to go back");
* purpose clauses, with a relativizer or other conjunctions; ("the word to say").


=====Supplementary aspects=====
=====Supplementary aspects=====
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The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tense to give the future perfect tenses.
The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tense to give the future perfect tenses.


=====Imperative=====
=====Supplementary voices=====
The imperative is used to issue positive, direct orders.
The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n''.
 


=====Jussive=====
=====Supplementary moods=====
The jussive bears a wide range of uses:
The mirative is marked by a prefix consisting of first consonant of stem + e + last consonant of stem. This reduplicant is prefixed before the stem and any TAM affixes.
* optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging);
The subjunctive, used for doubtful statements and for hypothetical outcomes, is marked by a similar prefix, except that the consonants being in reverse order.
* prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker (''Ham skőtîr!'' "Don't walk!");
* imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer ("He ordered me to go back");
* purpose clauses, with a relativizer or other conjunctions; ("the word to say").


=====Non-finite forms=====
=====Non-finite forms=====
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The static passive participle is formed through the infix ⟨''ir''⟩ in the stem.
The static passive participle is formed through the infix ⟨''ir''⟩ in the stem.
The dynamic passive participle is formed with the ⟨''(i)s''⟩.
The dynamic passive participle is formed with the ⟨''(i)s''⟩.
====Applicative====
The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n''.
====Mirative and subjunctive====
The mirative is marked by a prefix consisting of first consonant of stem + e + last consonant of stem. This reduplicant is prefixed before the stem and any TAM affixes.
The subjunctive, used for doubtful statements and for hypothetical outcomes, is marked by a similar prefix, except that the consonants being in reverse order.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
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