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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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→a- and ō-stems
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|colspan=9| <small>This category deals with three different types of changes, but because the results are the same, I’ve combined them here. In all of these examples, the final /s/ is deleted (or assimilated) from the nominative. In the first example, this is the result of a cluster simplification rule (sps, sts, sks, fts → sp, st, sk, ft, respectively). The second is the same, but a later change also caused the cluster /sk/ to shift to /š/ in certain environments. The last two examples are the result of much early (pre-Gothic) assimilation of /s/. In Gothic, this only applied to certain short syllables, but it became universal by the time of Gutish.</small> | |colspan=9| <small>This category deals with three different types of changes, but because the results are the same, I’ve combined them here. In all of these examples, the final /s/ is deleted (or assimilated) from the nominative. In the first example, this is the result of a cluster simplification rule (sps, sts, sks, fts → sp, st, sk, ft, respectively). The second is the same, but a later change also caused the cluster /sk/ to shift to /š/ in certain environments. The last two examples are the result of much early (pre-Gothic) assimilation of /s/. In Gothic, this only applied to certain short syllables, but it became universal by the time of Gutish.</small> | ||
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|align="right" rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''Voicing Alternation:'' ||align="center"| þlǣ<span style="color: | |align="right" rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''Voicing Alternation:'' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">f</span>s'''||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>nas''' || ''‘bread’'' | ||
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|align="center"| ǭ<span style="color: | |align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">þ</span>s'''||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>nas''' || ''‘fortune’'' | ||
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|align="center"| gǣ<span style="color:red"> | |align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">s</span><span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>ma''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>nas''' || ''‘spear’'' | ||
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|colspan=9| <small>In the Voicing Alternation category, the final consonant of nouns in the nominative and accusative singular are devoiced. This is a rule inherited from Gothic times, but it has changed slightly in application. Note that in the last example, the s of the nominative singular is also assimilated as per the rules of root-final s in Clusters (above) This now also applies to nouns in -f# and -þ# which go through a post-Gothic voicing rather than a pre-Gothic devoicing.</small> | |colspan=9| <small>In the Voicing Alternation category, the final consonant of nouns in the nominative and accusative singular are devoiced. This is a rule inherited from Gothic times, but it has changed slightly in application. Note that in the last example, the s of the nominative singular is also assimilated as per the rules of root-final s in Clusters (above) This now also applies to nouns in -f# and -þ# which go through a post-Gothic voicing rather than a pre-Gothic devoicing. (Voicing alternation is shown with devoiced consonants in blue and voiced in green.)</small> | ||
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|align="right" rowspan=3 valign="top"| ''Affrication:'' ||align="center"| da'''<span style="color: | |align="right" rowspan=3 valign="top"| ''Affrication:'' ||align="center"| da'''<span style="color:purple">ǧ</span>'''||align="center"| dag'''is''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag ||align="center"| dag'''as''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag'''ma''' ||align="center"| dag'''nas''' || ''‘day’'' | ||
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|align="center"| win'''<span style="color: | |align="center"| win'''<span style="color:purple">ǧ</span>'''||align="center"| wind'''is''' ||align="center"| wind'''a''' ||align="center"| wind ||align="center"| wind'''as''' ||align="center"| wind'''a''' ||align="center"| wind'''ma''' ||align="center"| wind'''nas''' || ''‘wind’'' | ||
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|colspan=9| <small>Roots ending in /g/ or /d/ undergo affrication in the nominative singular. They are otherwise declined normally. Furthermore, nouns traditionally classified as “nd-stems” in Proto-Germanic and Gothic have been assimilated into this class.</small> | |colspan=9| <small>Roots ending in /g/ or /d/ undergo affrication in the nominative singular. They are otherwise declined normally. Furthermore, nouns traditionally classified as “nd-stems” in Proto-Germanic and Gothic have been assimilated into this class.</small> | ||
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|align="right" rowspan=3 valign="top"| ''Continuant Clusters:'' ||align="center"| | |align="right" rowspan=3 valign="top"| ''Continuant Clusters:'' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">r</span><span style="color:red">b</span>s'''||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span>is''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">r</span><span style="color:red">b</span>'''||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span>as''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>''' || ''‘planet’'' | ||
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|align="center"| | |align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">r</span><span style="color:purple">ǧ</span>'''||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span>is''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">r</span><span style="color:red">d</span>'''||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span>as''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>''' || ''‘beard’'' | ||
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|colspan=9| <small>Roots ending in a cluster of a liquid followed by a voiced fricative (i.e /lv, rv, lð, rð, lž/), similar to the Syllabics group, blocks metathesis in the Dative and Accusative Plural declensions. Other phonological considerations from other groups may also apply (indicated in blue).</small> | |colspan=9| <small>Roots ending in a cluster of a liquid followed by a voiced fricative (i.e /lv, rv, lð, rð, lž/), similar to the Syllabics group, blocks metathesis in the Dative and Accusative Plural declensions. Other phonological considerations from other groups may also apply (indicated in blue).</small> | ||