Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
m →Nouns |
|||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
:: '''Instrumental''' (''drausire dirūnnevya'') | :: '''Instrumental''' (''drausire dirūnnevya'') | ||
There are a few nouns which lack number; a few are singularia tantum and lack a plural (e.g. ''hærūm'' lips), other ones are plural only - most notably these include all ethnicities (e.g. '' | There are a few nouns which lack number; a few are singularia tantum and lack a plural (e.g. ''hærūm'' lips), other ones are plural only - most notably these include all ethnicities (e.g. ''chlǣvānem'', which is also an irregular plural). The singular is made by using the genitive form attributed to ''lila'' (person), e.g. ''chlǣvānumi lila'' (a Chlouvānem). | ||
Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms; see [[Chlouvānem#Gendered_and_gender-neutral_terms|Chlouvānem § Gendered and gender-neutral terms]] for more information. | Chlouvānem does not have grammatical gender, and there are only a few natural gender terms; see [[Chlouvānem#Gendered_and_gender-neutral_terms|Chlouvānem § Gendered and gender-neutral terms]] for more information. | ||
| Line 66: | Line 66: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| prāti || prāteva || prātumi || kældavi || kældeva || | | prāti || prāteva || prātumi || kældavi || kældeva || kældǣmi || kumieyi || kumieva || kumiumi || halenies || haloeva || halenyumi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Translative | ! Translative | ||
| Line 89: | Line 89: | ||
| prātini || prātābhan || prātenīka || kældvini || kældūbhan || kældunīka || kumīni || kumībhan || kumienīka || halenini || haloebhan || haleninīka | | prātini || prātābhan || prātenīka || kældvini || kældūbhan || kældunīka || kumīni || kumībhan || kumienīka || halenini || haloebhan || haleninīka | ||
|} | |} | ||
===M-nouns - Mamą lā halenī=== | ===M-nouns - Mamą lā halenī=== | ||
| Line 109: | Line 107: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ergative | ! Ergative | ||
| yujamei || yujamą || yujamān || tūlumei || tūlumą || tūlumān || jāyimei || jāyimą || jāyimān || | | yujamei || yujamą || yujamān || tūlumei || tūlumą || tūlumān || jāyimei || jāyimą || jāyimān || lunǣ || lunaiyą || lunæyān | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| yujami || yujameva || yujammi || tūlumvi || tūlumeva || | | yujami || yujameva || yujammi || tūlumvi || tūlumeva || tūlǣmi || jāyimi || jāyīva || jāyiñumi || lunayi || lunaiva || lunæyumi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Translative | ! Translative | ||
| Line 121: | Line 119: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Essive | ! Essive | ||
| yujamą || yujamiona || yujamėm || tūlumą || tūlumiona || tūlumėm || jāyimą || jāyimiona || jāyimėm || lunąis || lunāyona || | | yujamą || yujamiona || yujamėm || tūlumą || tūlumiona || tūlumėm || jāyimą || jāyimiona || jāyimėm || lunąis || lunāyona || lunǣm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| Line 136: | Line 134: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that all nouns with '''-n''' have their direct and vocative plural forms ''identical'' to the singular ones - all other inflections (including the dual) are the same as the other nouns. Thus e.g. '''samin''' may be either ''child'' or ''children'', and it is usually the verb that marks the number - compare ''samin mālchė'' "the kid runs" and ''samin mālchīran'' "the kids run". They are de facto undistinguishable out of context in forms where singular and plural have the same verb form, e.g. in the perfect - ''samin amālcha'' can mean either "the kid has run" or "the kids have run" depending on context.<br/>These unmarked plurals are regular - note that ''hulin'' (woman) has both a regular plural (''hulin''), used in a wider scope (e.g. '' | Note that all nouns with '''-n''' have their direct and vocative plural forms ''identical'' to the singular ones - all other inflections (including the dual) are the same as the other nouns. Thus e.g. '''samin''' may be either ''child'' or ''children'', and it is usually the verb that marks the number - compare ''samin mālchė'' "the kid runs" and ''samin mālchīran'' "the kids run". They are de facto undistinguishable out of context in forms where singular and plural have the same verb form, e.g. in the perfect - ''samin amālcha'' can mean either "the kid has run" or "the kids have run" depending on context.<br/>These unmarked plurals are regular - note that ''hulin'' (woman) has both a regular plural (''hulin''), used in a wider scope (e.g. ''chlǣvānumi hulin'' "Chlouvānem women") and an irregular plural (''hilāni'') used in other contexts (e.g. ''nanā hilāni'' "those women there"). | ||
''-en'' nouns decline following the 1m pattern (with unmarked plural). | ''-en'' nouns decline following the 1m pattern (with unmarked plural). | ||
===H-nouns - Hahą lā halenī=== | ===H-nouns - Hahą lā halenī=== | ||
| Line 156: | Line 152: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| māru || mārūri || mārānu || javilu || javiliūri || javilėnu || camūvau || camūyūri || | | māru || mārūri || mārānu || javilu || javiliūri || javilėnu || camūvau || camūyūri || camǣnu || ghārṭiyu || ghārṭiyūri || ghārṭeinu || lilu || lilūri || leliu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ergative | ! Ergative | ||
| mārei || mārą || mārān || javilei || javilią || javilėn || camūvei || camūvą || | | mārei || mārą || mārān || javilei || javilią || javilėn || camūvei || camūvą || camǣn || ghārṭiyi || ghārṭiyą || ghārṭein || lilei || lilą || leliei | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| Line 185: | Line 181: | ||
| mārini || mārābhan || mārenīka || javileni || javilėbhan || javilenīka || camvini || camūbhan || camūnīka || ghārṭīni || ghārṭībhan || ghārṭīnīka || lilini || lilābhan || lelini | | mārini || mārābhan || mārenīka || javileni || javilėbhan || javilenīka || camvini || camūbhan || camūnīka || ghārṭīni || ghārṭībhan || ghārṭīnīka || lilini || lilābhan || lelini | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Exceptions for duals and plurals=== | ===Exceptions for duals and plurals=== | ||
A few Chlouvānem nouns have irregular plurals: | A few Chlouvānem nouns have irregular plurals: | ||
* The word '' | * The word ''chlǣvānem'' itself is plural-only and irregular; direct and vocative are in ''-em'', but all other cases decline as a standard plural 1h noun (e.g. accusative ''chlǣvānānu'', ergative ''chlǣvānān'', genitive ''chlǣvānumi''); | ||
* ''maila'' “water” does not have a dual form outside of colloquial use (where ''mailion'' is used with the meaning of “two glasses of water”) and has the irregular plural ''mailtiąa''. It declines as a ''singular'' 1h noun, with two exceptions, namely accusative in ''-ąu'' instead of expected *-ahu and genitive in ''-ąi'' instead of expected *-ahi. This plural form is actually common, used when talking about bodies of water in an area, water layers, glasses of water, and a few minor idiomatic uses (e.g. ''taili mailtiahe hilæflulke'', lit. “to arrive by crossing many waters”, meaning “to have had much experience”). | * ''maila'' “water” does not have a dual form outside of colloquial use (where ''mailion'' is used with the meaning of “two glasses of water”) and has the irregular plural ''mailtiąa''. It declines as a ''singular'' 1h noun, with two exceptions, namely accusative in ''-ąu'' instead of expected *-ahu and genitive in ''-ąi'' instead of expected *-ahi. This plural form is actually common, used when talking about bodies of water in an area, water layers, glasses of water, and a few minor idiomatic uses (e.g. ''taili mailtiahe hilæflulke'', lit. “to arrive by crossing many waters”, meaning “to have had much experience”). | ||
* ''hulin'' "woman" has both a regular plural (''hulin''), used in a wider scope (e.g. '' | * ''hulin'' "woman" has both a regular plural (''hulin''), used in a wider scope (e.g. ''chlǣvānumi hulin'' "Chlouvānem women") and an irregular plural (''hilāni'') used in other contexts (e.g. ''nanā hilāni'' "those women there"). | ||
* ''resan'' "pig" and ''liken'' "arm" both have irregular plurals with vowel change: ''ryasan'' and ''læcin'' respectively. | * ''resan'' "pig" and ''liken'' "arm" both have irregular plurals with vowel change: ''ryasan'' and ''læcin'' respectively. | ||
* ''ås'' "ford, crossing of a small river" has the stem ''av-'' in all pre-vocalic forms (e.g. plural ''ave''). | * ''ås'' "ford, crossing of a small river" has the stem ''av-'' in all pre-vocalic forms (e.g. plural ''ave''). | ||
* The placename '' | * The placename ''Taleihǣh'' declines as a 2h noun, as if it ended in ''-eh''. | ||
* ''švas'' "animal (including humans)" pluralizes as ''švai'', as if it were a h-noun; all cases except for direct and vocative are however regular. | * ''švas'' "animal (including humans)" pluralizes as ''švai'', as if it were a h-noun; all cases except for direct and vocative are however regular. | ||
* There are some pluralia tantum: ''pārye'' “hair”, ''kāraṇḍhai'' “guts”, ''hamvyenī'' "nursery"<ref>''hamvyenī'' is also the regular plural of ''hamvyoe'' with the meaning "cradle(s)".</ref> and all ethnonyms | * There are some pluralia tantum: ''pārye'' “hair”, ''kāraṇḍhai'' “guts”, also ''agṇyaucai'' “sons and daughters”, ''vailašaus'' "cutlery", ''šūlyakāše'' "dishes", ''hamvyenī'' "nursery"<ref>''hamvyenī'' is also the regular plural of ''hamvyoe'' with the meaning "cradle(s)".</ref>, and all ethnonyms. | ||
* A few nouns are singularia tantum: ''hærṣūs'' “lips”, ''maula'' “breasts”, ''kanai'' “spices”, ''paɂeh'' “dust”, ''nāmvāvi'' “dust (made by crushing something)”, ''måris'' “ash”, ''ñailūh'' “ice”. | * A few nouns are singularia tantum: ''hærṣūs'' “lips”, ''maula'' “breasts”, ''kanai'' “spices”, ''paɂeh'' “dust”, ''nāmvāvi'' “dust (made by crushing something)”, ''måris'' “ash”, ''ñailūh'' “ice”; ''lāsīm'' "cereals" (individual terms for cereals may have duals and plurals meaning "two/more varieties of ..."), ''mæchlišam'' "leafy greens", ''mæcichā'' "spinach", and ''bågras'' "legumes" with all types of legumes (''dīlla'' "peas", ''mahīra'' "lentils", ''miltai'' "soybeans"...) | ||
* Dvandva compounds are usually all dual and pluralizable - like ''yāṇḍamaišñukam'' “genitals”, or also many dyadic kinship terms (e.g. ''maihāmeinā'' “daughter and mother”) - but some of them are inherently “singular” and therefore are dual only, like ''lillamurḍhyāyunya'' (how some philosophical Yunyalīlti currents refer to the ''yunya'' “nature” and the ''lillamurḍhyā'' “natural harmony” as two aspects of the same thing). Note that dual inflections are not present on the noun itself in direct and vocative forms. | * Dvandva compounds are usually all dual and pluralizable - like ''yāṇḍamaišñukam'' “genitals”, or also many dyadic kinship terms (e.g. ''maihāmeinā'' “daughter and mother”) - but some of them are inherently “singular” and therefore are dual only, like ''lillamurḍhyāyunya'' (how some philosophical Yunyalīlti currents refer to the ''yunya'' “nature” and the ''lillamurḍhyā'' “natural harmony” as two aspects of the same thing). Note that dual inflections are not present on the noun itself in direct and vocative forms. | ||
* Toponyms (except inherently dual or plural ones), personal names, and miscellaneous things that are semantically only singular (like many Yunyalīlti concepts, e.g. ''yunya'' or ''lillamurḍhyā'') are found exclusively in the singular. | * Toponyms (except inherently dual or plural ones), personal names, and miscellaneous things that are semantically only singular (like many Yunyalīlti concepts, e.g. ''yunya'' or ''lillamurḍhyā'') are found exclusively in the singular. | ||