Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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=== ~~Future~~ indicative ===

=== General future indicative ===

The future tense does not vary between conjugations, and the stem - except for causative verbs - is always the one used in the infinitive. Like the perfect, the future does not distinguish number in the 3rd person (historically, the endings were the same, as the future was built with the perfect of PLB *išəj- (to take)).

The general future tense does not vary between conjugations, and the stem - except for causative verbs - is always the one used in the infinitive. Like the perfect, the future does not distinguish number in the 3rd person (historically, the endings were the same, as the future was built with the perfect of PLB *išəj- (to take)). It is used for general future events (''menire dašajildiṣya'' "it will rain tomorrow"), obligations (''pūnikā menire męliṣya'' "the work will be [=has to be] delivered tomorrow"), and general imperfective events in the future (''lūlunimarte liliṣyam'' "I'll be living in Lūlunimarta"); see also the following section on ''future intentional''.

{| class="wikitable"

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Note that ''-tiā-'' verbs (e.g. ''tatiāke'' "to stand") form their future with ''-tiā'' instead of ''-tim'' as the other tenses: ''tatiaiṣyam'', ''tatiairiṣyam'', ...

Also note that, in order to state the future of "to be" and "to have", the '''present''' forms of ''ndǣke'' (to become) and ''milke'' (to get, take) respectively are more commonly used:

: ''miąre ndevė'' "it is becoming good" = "it will be good" = exactly the same meaning as ''miąre jalṣya''.

: ''nanau naviṣyu milkute'' "I am taking that book" = "I will have that book" = exactly the same as ''naviṣya liliā jalṣya'' or similar sentences.

=== Future intentional indicative ===

The future intentional indicative is a verbal form used for stating mainly intentional, perfective in meaning, future events. It may be translated most commonly as "to be going to", "to plan to", or also as "to want to"; it also has the rather idiomatic meaning of an expectation. In any case, its perfective meaning means that habitual or continuous future events, even if planned, are either expressed with the general future or expressed with the future intentional of a frequentative verb. Some examples of its use are:

: ''menire prājaṃnė lalti lenta nakṣuṃkitom elīsāltam'' "tomorrow evening I'll go to the ''nakṣuṃkita''<ref>A small bar focused on music performances.</ref> with my friend".

: ''galiākinų tammi tetacuṃlāṇų natte tailīsālta'' "the train from Galiākina is expected to arrive in one tetacuṃlāṇa (=about 5½ minutes)."

: ''liliā maiha murkire helajyū ilakāltate : lili no ūnikire tū ilakāltaṃte'' "my daughter is going to take the black ''helajyā''<ref>A kind of blouse, usually worn with a Chlouvānem sarī (''jånirāh'').</ref>, while I'm going to take the red one."

The future intentional is formed starting from the ''perfect stem'': more properly, the third person form of any present verb is taken, the final ''-a'' is lengthened, and ''-lta'' (in the non-causative exterior) or ''-l(a)-'' (in all other forms) is added, followed by the usual perfect endings; the causative exterior has the otherwise irregular change ''-rā-'' → ''-ṝ-''.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative

|-

! colspan=4 | nāmvake "to crush, press"

|-

! Exterior !! Interior !! Exterior !! Interior

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

| anāmv'''āltam''' || anāmv'''irālam''' || anāmv'''ildālam''' || anāmv'''ildṝlam'''

|-

! 2nd

| anāmv'''āltes''' || anāmv'''irāles''' || anāmv'''ildāles''' || anāmv'''ildṝlas'''

|-

! 3rd

| anāmv'''ālta''' || anāmv'''irāl''' || anāmv'''ildāl''' || anāmv'''ildirāl'''

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

| anāmv'''āltara''' || anāmv'''irālara''' || anāmv'''ildālara''' || anāmv'''ildṝlāh'''

|-

! 2nd

| anāmv'''āltari''' || anāmv'''irālari''' || anāmv'''ildālari''' || anāmv'''ildṝlai'''

|-

! 3rd

| anāmv'''ālta''' || anāmv'''irāl''' || anāmv'''ildāl''' || anāmv'''ildirāl'''

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

| anāmv'''āltima''' || anāmv'''irālma''' || anāmv'''ildālima''' || anāmv'''ildṝlma'''

|-

! 2nd

| anāmv'''āltiša''' || anāmv'''irālša''' || anāmv'''ildāliša''' || anāmv'''ildṝlša'''

|-

! 3rd

| anāmv'''ālta''' || anāmv'''irāl''' || anāmv'''ildāl''' || anāmv'''ildirāl'''

|}

=== Voice marking ===

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 |}
-=== Future indicative ===
+=== General future indicative ===
-The future tense does not vary between conjugations, and the stem - except for causative verbs - is always the one used in the infinitive. Like the perfect, the future does not distinguish number in the 3rd person (historically, the endings were the same, as the future was built with the perfect of PLB *išəj- (to take)).
+The general future tense does not vary between conjugations, and the stem - except for causative verbs - is always the one used in the infinitive. Like the perfect, the future does not distinguish number in the 3rd person (historically, the endings were the same, as the future was built with the perfect of PLB *išəj- (to take)). It is used for general future events (''menire dašajildiṣya'' "it will rain tomorrow"), obligations (''pūnikā menire męliṣya'' "the work will be [=has to be] delivered tomorrow"), and general imperfective events in the future (''lūlunimarte liliṣyam'' "I'll be living in Lūlunimarta"); see also the following section on ''future intentional''.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
@@ Line 543: / Line 543: @@
 Note that ''-tiā-'' verbs (e.g. ''tatiāke'' "to stand") form their future with ''-tiā'' instead of ''-tim'' as the other tenses: ''tatiaiṣyam'', ''tatiairiṣyam'', ...
+Also note that, in order to state the future of "to be" and "to have", the '''present''' forms of ''ndǣke'' (to become) and ''milke'' (to get, take) respectively are more commonly used:
+: ''miąre ndevė'' "it is becoming good" = "it will be good" = exactly the same meaning as ''miąre jalṣya''.
+: ''nanau naviṣyu milkute'' "I am taking that book" = "I will have that book" = exactly the same as ''naviṣya liliā jalṣya'' or similar sentences.
+=== Future intentional indicative ===
+The future intentional indicative is a verbal form used for stating mainly intentional, perfective in meaning, future events. It may be translated most commonly as "to be going to", "to plan to", or also as "to want to"; it also has the rather idiomatic meaning of an expectation. In any case, its perfective meaning means that habitual or continuous future events, even if planned, are either expressed with the general future or expressed with the future intentional of a frequentative verb. Some examples of its use are:
+: ''menire prājaṃnė lalti lenta nakṣuṃkitom elīsāltam'' "tomorrow evening I'll go to the ''nakṣuṃkita''<ref>A small bar focused on music performances.</ref> with my friend".
+: ''galiākinų tammi tetacuṃlāṇų natte tailīsālta'' "the train from Galiākina is expected to arrive in one tetacuṃlāṇa (=about 5½ minutes)."
+: ''liliā maiha murkire helajyū ilakāltate : lili no ūnikire tū ilakāltaṃte'' "my daughter is going to take the black ''helajyā''<ref>A kind of blouse, usually worn with a Chlouvānem sarī (''jånirāh'').</ref>, while I'm going to take the red one."
+The future intentional is formed starting from the ''perfect stem'': more properly, the third person form of any present verb is taken, the final ''-a'' is lengthened, and ''-lta'' (in the non-causative exterior) or ''-l(a)-'' (in all other forms) is added, followed by the usual perfect endings; the causative exterior has the otherwise irregular change ''-rā-'' → ''-ṝ-''.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=2 | Non-causative !! colspan=2 | Causative
+|-
+! colspan=4 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>
+|-
+! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Exterior</small> !! <small>Interior</small>
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st
+| anāmv'''āltam''' || anāmv'''irālam''' || anāmv'''ildālam''' || anāmv'''ildṝlam'''
+|-
+! 2nd
+| anāmv'''āltes''' || anāmv'''irāles''' || anāmv'''ildāles''' || anāmv'''ildṝlas'''
+|-
+! 3rd
+| anāmv'''ālta''' || anāmv'''irāl''' || anāmv'''ildāl''' || anāmv'''ildirāl'''
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st
+| anāmv'''āltara''' || anāmv'''irālara''' || anāmv'''ildālara''' || anāmv'''ildṝlāh'''
+|-
+! 2nd
+| anāmv'''āltari''' || anāmv'''irālari''' || anāmv'''ildālari''' || anāmv'''ildṝlai'''
+|-
+! 3rd
+| anāmv'''ālta''' || anāmv'''irāl''' || anāmv'''ildāl''' || anāmv'''ildirāl'''
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st
+| anāmv'''āltima''' || anāmv'''irālma''' || anāmv'''ildālima''' || anāmv'''ildṝlma'''
+|-
+! 2nd
+| anāmv'''āltiša''' || anāmv'''irālša''' || anāmv'''ildāliša''' || anāmv'''ildṝlša'''
+|-
+! 3rd
+| anāmv'''ālta''' || anāmv'''irāl''' || anāmv'''ildāl''' || anāmv'''ildirāl'''
+|}
 === Voice marking ===