Qino: Difference between revisions
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Case==== | ====Case==== | ||
Nouns (and pronouns) are declined by case. Case markers (which can be analyzed as postpositions) go at the end of a nominal phrase. Verbs | Nouns (and pronouns) are declined by case. Case markers (which can be analyzed as postpositions) go at the end of a nominal phrase. Verbs are nominalized with the subordinating suffix ''-n'' before adding any case suffixes (these nominalized verbs are feminine). Subordinate verbs can alternatively be preceded by the particle ''in'' "that (relativizer)". | ||
*'''Primary cases:''' | *'''Primary cases:''' | ||
**'''Absolutive''': Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of most adpositions, and predicative nouns. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects. | **'''Absolutive''': Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of most adpositions, and predicative nouns. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects. | ||
**'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows: | **'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows: | ||
***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'': ''- | ***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú'' | ||
***Feminine/plural with absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''- | ***Feminine/plural with absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''nafa'' "soul" → ''nafí'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in other short, unstressed vowel: | ***Absolutive ending in other short, unstressed vowel: stress shifted to final syllable - e.g. ''shimmirti'' "bird (sing.)" → ''shimmirtí'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in a long or stressed vowel: ''-n'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in a long and/or stressed vowel: ''-n'' - e.g. ''sheenaa'' "giver" → ''sheenaan'' | ||
**'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions. | **'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: -́i - e.g. ''nama'' → ''nami'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: -́i (with penultimate stress) - e.g. ''nama'' → ''nami'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-t'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-t'' - e.g. ''sheenaa'' → ''sheenaat'' | ||
*'''Secondary cases:''' | *'''Secondary cases:''' | ||
**'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose, obligation ("to" or "for"). | **'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose, obligation ("to" or "for"). | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-óo'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namoo'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-óo'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namoo'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in other short unstressed vowel: lengthen final vowel + final stress - e.g. ''shimmirti'' → ''shimmirtii'' | ***Absolutive ending in other short unstressed vowel: lengthen final vowel + final stress - e.g. ''shimmirti'' → ''shimmirtii'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-s'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-s'' - e.g. ''sheenaa'' → ''sheenaas'' | ||
***Independent form: ''oo'' | ***Independent form: ''oo'' | ||
**'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"), "in regards to". | **'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"), "in regards to". | ||
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*'''Pseudo-cases:''' | *'''Pseudo-cases:''' | ||
**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula can be dropped entirely. | **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula can be dropped entirely. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammade, | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammade, Maxammaddha'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-dhe'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-dhe'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''sheenaa'' → ''sheenaarhe, sheenaarha'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension) | ***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension) | ||
:::e.g. ''Maxammadu nama / nama e / nama dha / nama dhe / name / namarha.'' "Muhammad is a person." | :::e.g. ''Maxammadu nama / nama e / nama dha / nama dhe / name / namarha.'' "Muhammad is a person." | ||
::::'' | ::::''namiiye'' "I am a person" | ||
====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||