Qino: Difference between revisions
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***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú'' | ***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú'' | ||
***Feminine/plural with absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''nafa'' "soul" → ''nafí'' | ***Feminine/plural with absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''nafa'' "soul" → ''nafí'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in other short, unstressed vowel: stress | ***Absolutive ending in other short, unstressed vowel: stress on final syllable - e.g. ''Qino'' → ''Qinó'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in a long and/or stressed vowel: ''-n'' - e.g. ''makiiná'' "car" → ''makiinan'' | ***Absolutive ending in a long and/or stressed vowel: ''-n'' - e.g. ''makiiná'' "car" → ''makiinan'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ni'' | ***Independent form: ''ni'' | ||
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***Independent form: ''oo'' | ***Independent form: ''oo'' | ||
**'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"), "in regards to". | **'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"), "in regards to". | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ák'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ák'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxàmmadak'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ak'' | ***Independent form: ''ak'' | ||
**'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | **'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxàmmadas'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namas'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namas'' | ||
***Independent form: ''as'' | ***Independent form: ''as'' | ||
**'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | **'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxàmmadal'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namal'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namal'' | ||
***Independent form: ''al'' | ***Independent form: ''al'' | ||
**'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | **'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxàmmadad'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namad'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namad'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ad'' | ***Independent form: ''ad'' | ||
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***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-dhe'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''sheenaa'' → ''sheenaarhe, sheenaarha'' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-dhe'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''sheenaa'' → ''sheenaarhe, sheenaarha'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension) | ***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension) | ||
:::e.g. '' | :::e.g. ''Maxàmmadú nama / nama e / nama dha / nama dhe / name / námarha.'' "Muhammad is a person." | ||
::::''namiye'' "I am a person" | ::::''namiye'' "I am a person" | ||