Qino: Difference between revisions
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Case==== | ====Case==== | ||
Nouns (and pronouns) are declined by case. Case markers (which can be analyzed as postpositions) go at the end of a nominal phrase. Verbs are nominalized with the subordinating suffix ''-n'' before adding any case suffixes (these nominalized verbs are feminine). Subordinate verbs can alternatively be preceded by the particle ''in'' "that (subordinator)". | Nouns (and pronouns) are declined by case. Case markers (which can be analyzed as postpositions) go at the end of a nominal phrase. Verbs are nominalized with the subordinating suffix ''-n'' before adding any case suffixes (these nominalized verbs are grammatically feminine). Subordinate verbs can alternatively be preceded by the particle ''in'' "that (subordinator)". | ||
*'''Primary cases:''' | *'''Primary cases:''' | ||
**'''Absolutive''': Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of most adpositions, and predicative nouns. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects. | **'''Absolutive''': Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of most adpositions, and predicative nouns. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects. | ||
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**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula can be dropped entirely. | **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula can be dropped entirely. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-akki''), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only; doesn't affect stress) - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade, Maxámmaddha'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-akki''), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only; doesn't affect stress) - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade, Maxámmaddha'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''- | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-she'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-kki''), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinadhe, makiinadha'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''akki'')<!--, ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)--> | ***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''akki'')<!--, ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)--> | ||
:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama dha / <!--nama dhe / -->name / námadha.'' "Muhammad is a person." | :::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / nama dha / <!--nama dhe / -->name / námadha.'' "Muhammad is a person." | ||
::::''namiye'' "I am a person"; ''namakké'' "I have become a person" | ::::''namiye'' "I am a person"; ''namakké'' "I have become a person" | ||