Qino: Difference between revisions
| Line 159: | Line 159: | ||
! plain | ! plain | ||
| ''m'' | | ''m'' | ||
| | | | ||
| ''n'' | |||
|''ny'' /ɲ/ | |''ny'' /ɲ/ | ||
|''ng'' /ŋ/ | |''ng'' /ŋ/ | ||
| Line 167: | Line 168: | ||
! glottalized | ! glottalized | ||
| [mˀ] | | [mˀ] | ||
| | | | ||
| [nˀ] | |||
| [ɲˀ] | | [ɲˀ] | ||
| [ŋˀ] | | [ŋˀ] | ||
| Line 177: | Line 179: | ||
! voiceless | ! voiceless | ||
| ''(p)'' | | ''(p)'' | ||
| ''t'' | |||
| | |||
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/ | | ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| ''k'' | | ''k'' | ||
| Line 185: | Line 188: | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| ''b'' | | ''b'' | ||
| ''d'' | |||
| | |||
| ''j'' /d͡ʒ/ | | ''j'' /d͡ʒ/ | ||
| ''ɡ'' | | ''ɡ'' | ||
| Line 193: | Line 197: | ||
! glottalized | ! glottalized | ||
| ''bh'' /ɓ/ | | ''bh'' /ɓ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''dh'' /ɗ/ | |||
| ''jh'' /ʄ/ | | ''jh'' /ʄ/ | ||
| ''q'' /ɠ/ | | ''q'' /ɠ/ | ||
| Line 210: | Line 215: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| (''v'') | | (''v'') | ||
| (''dz'' /ð/) | | (''dz'' /ð/) | ||
| (''z'') | | (''z'') | ||
| | | | ||
| (''gh'' /ɣ ~ ʁ/) | | (''gh'' /ɣ ~ ʁ/) | ||
| ''c'' /ʕ/ | | ''c'' /ʕ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 221: | Line 226: | ||
! plain | ! plain | ||
| ''w'' | | ''w'' | ||
| | | | ||
| ''l'' | |||
| ''y'' /j/ | | ''y'' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 228: | Line 234: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! glottalized | ! glottalized | ||
| [β̞ˀ | | [β̞ˀ] | ||
| | | | ||
| [jˀ | | ''lh'' /lˀ/ | ||
| [ɰˀ | | [jˀ] | ||
| [ɰˀ] | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 238: | Line 245: | ||
! plain | ! plain | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ''r'' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 246: | Line 254: | ||
! glottalized | ! glottalized | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| (''rh'' [ɾˀ]) | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 260: | Line 269: | ||
<small><sup>2</sup></small> Phonemes in brackets are only found in loanwords. | <small><sup>2</sup></small> Phonemes in brackets are only found in loanwords. | ||
<small><sup>3</sup></small> The implosives are heavily glottalized and may be represented [dˀ], etc. They may be partially or completely devoiced. | <small><sup>3</sup></small> The implosives are heavily glottalized and may be represented [dˀ], etc. They may be partially or completely devoiced depending on speaker and environment. /ɗ/ | ||
<small><sup>4</sup></small> The glottalized | <small><sup>4</sup></small> The glottalized sounds [mˀ, nˀ, ɲˀ, ŋˀ] and [β̞ˀ, ɾˀ, jˀ, ɰˀ] are not considered separate phonemes but rather allophones of glottalized stops before/after nasals and between vowels respectively. Only ''rh'' [ɾˀ] is (optionally) distinguished orthographically. | ||
<small><sup>5</sup></small> /r/ may be pronounced as a tap ([ɾ]), especially when ungeminated after a vowel. | <small><sup>5</sup></small> /r/ may be pronounced as a tap ([ɾ]), especially when ungeminated after a vowel. | ||