Qino: Difference between revisions
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====Tense, Aspect, Mood==== | ====Tense, Aspect, Mood==== | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
*The Class 1 forms ending in an accented vowel lose the accent when <!--non-final or -->unfocused and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively - e.g. ''Cali arká'' "I see Ali"; ''Cáli arka'' "I see ''Ali''"; '' | *The Class 1 forms ending in an accented vowel lose the accent when <!--non-final or -->unfocused or used descriptively and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively - e.g. ''Cali arká'' "I see Ali"; ''Cáli arka'' "I see ''Ali''"; ''yarka nama'' "person who sees"; ''Cali tarkaa?'' "Do you see Ali?" | ||
*Verbs can be used descriptively before a noun. The verb is always in the singular. Adjectives can pluralize by reduplication - e.g. ''dheere nama'' "tall person" vs ''dheedheere nama'' "tall people" | *Verbs can be used descriptively before a noun. The verb is always in the singular. Adjectives can pluralize by reduplication - e.g. ''dheere nama'' "tall person" vs ''dheedheere nama'' "tall people" | ||
<!--The indicative is used if the noun is the only argument of the verb. Otherwise, subordinate forms are used (along with the relative particle ''kan'') - e.g. ''ka yarka nama'' "the person who sees", ''kan ku yarko nama'' "the person who sees you", ''kan ka arko nama'' "the person I see".--> | <!--The indicative is used if the noun is the only argument of the verb. Otherwise, subordinate forms are used (along with the relative particle ''kan'') - e.g. ''ka yarka nama'' "the person who sees", ''kan ku yarko nama'' "the person who sees you", ''kan ka arko nama'' "the person I see".--> | ||
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The imperfect converb is used for an action/state that was occurring when another verb occurred, similarly to the present participle in English. It is formed with the suffix ''-aa'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-ii'' for class 3. Prefix-conjugation verbs additionally take a prefix appropriate to the person being referred to. | The imperfect converb is used for an action/state that was occurring when another verb occurred, similarly to the present participle in English. It is formed with the suffix ''-aa'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-ii'' for class 3. Prefix-conjugation verbs additionally take a prefix appropriate to the person being referred to. | ||
:e.g. ''<b>Yardaa</b> mana galé.'' "'''Running''', he entered the house." | :e.g. ''<b>Yardaa</b> ka mana galé.'' "'''Running''', he entered the house." | ||
::''<b>Furanii</b> dhalatté.'' "She was born '''free'''." | ::''<b>Furanii</b> dhalatté.'' "She was born '''free'''." | ||
The perfect converb is used for an actions that occur subsequently to each other. It is formed with the suffix ''-ee'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-iishii'' for class 3. Again, prefix-conjugation verbs take the appropriate prefix. | The perfect converb is used for an actions that occur subsequently to each other. It is formed with the suffix ''-ee'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-iishii'' for class 3. Again, prefix-conjugation verbs take the appropriate prefix. | ||
:e.g. ''<b>Yardee</b> mana galé.'' "'''Having run''', he entered the house." | :e.g. ''<b>Yardee</b> ka mana galé.'' "'''Having run''', he entered the house." | ||
::''<b>Furaniishii</b> xidhanté.'' "'''Having been free''', she was imprisoned." | ::''<b>Furaniishii</b> xidhanté.'' "'''Having been free''', she was imprisoned." | ||