Ciètian: Difference between revisions
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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''i | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''i ghaath Hanvirav'' /i ɣaːħ ˈhanvɨɾəv/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the subbranch of Tigolic, which also includes [[Eevo]]) somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{PAGENAME}}: ''y Samoakh'' /i səˈmɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anvyr|Anvyr]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; after [[Eevo]], it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages. | ||
This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and Slavic aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system. | This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and Slavic aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system. | ||
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====Politeness==== | ====Politeness==== | ||
Modern Anvyrese has three levels of politeness in pronouns: | Modern Anvyrese has three levels of politeness in pronouns: | ||
*''gonas, | *''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people. | ||
*'' | *''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonakh'', although nowadays using ''gonalaa'' is becoming more common. | ||
*'' | *''gonakh'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonalá''. The pronoun ''gonakh'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonakh'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonalaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonach''. | ||
**In archaic Anvyrese, '' | **In archaic Anvyrese, ''seed'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | *The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | ||
*The genitive plural is formed by affixing ''- | *The genitive plural is formed by affixing ''-ny'' to the genitive singular. | ||
*The singular construct is formed by affixing ''- | *The singular construct is formed by affixing ''-ahh'' to the nominative singular. | ||
*The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel. | *The plural construct is formed by affixing ''-u'' to the nominative singular if the nominative singular ends in a consonant, and ''-v'' to the nominative singular if it ends in a vowel. | ||
====The article==== | ====The article==== | ||
The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender. | The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number and gender. | ||
The singular definite article is always '' | The singular definite article is always ''in'' (with no mutation) before a masculine or neuter noun starting with a V. | ||
Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form. | Collective nouns are by nature definite, and the collective of a noun is formed by using the collective article before the singular form. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| '' | | ''jhow'' || ''zhow'' || ''chow'' || ''chowa'' || ''chowa'' || ''jhowa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''jhow'' || ''jhow'' || ''jhow'' || ''chowany'' || ''chowany'' || ''chowany'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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There is a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. Example: | There is a closed class of about 20-30 auxiliaries which are conjugated for tense and person. The main verb is used as a verbal noun. Example: | ||
:''''' | :'''''Nyan garhiav lan darsiad ikaan charhii.''''' | ||
:[ɲan ˈgar̝iəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː] | :[ɲan ˈgar̝iəv wən daɾˈsiət iˈkaːn xəˈr̝iː] | ||
:PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG | :PRES.1SG go.VN to-DEF.GEN.SG.N school.GEN.SG every.F day.GEN.SG | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|present<sup>1</sup> | !|present<sup>1</sup> | ||
|'' | |''nyan''||''nyer''||''nyav''||''nyas''||''nya''||''nyam''||''nyad''||''nyakh''||''nyaw''||''ńahh''||''nyar'' | ||
|} | |} | ||