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Kola: Difference between revisions
→Prefixes
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Pre-SM prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb before the subject prefixes. They include: | Pre-SM prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb before the subject prefixes. They include: | ||
*nominalization prefixes (see [[Kola#Non-finite_forms|non-finite forms]] above) | *nominalization prefixes (see [[Kola#Non-finite_forms|non-finite forms]] above) | ||
*''-ä-'': relativizer | *አ- ''-ä-'': relativizer | ||
*''nï-'' (with subjunctive): "that" - e.g. ንኜዴ ''nïnyeddé'' "that I walk" | *ን- ''nï-'' (with subjunctive): "that" - e.g. ንኜዴ ''nïnyeddé'' "that I walk" | ||
**Can be used for necessative (must, should), often in combination with the applicative of the copula - e.g. ንኜዴ (ዪኝዋለ) ''nïnyeddé (yinywálä)'' "I must walk" (literally: "(there is on me) that I walk") | **Can be used for necessative (must, should), often in combination with the applicative of the copula - e.g. ንኜዴ (ዪኝዋለ) ''nïnyeddé (yinywálä)'' "I must walk" (literally: "(there is on me) that I walk") | ||
*''nï-'' (with indicative): places focus on verb - e.g. ንኜዴ ''nïnyédde'' "I did walk" (i.e. "(it is true) that I walked") | *ን- ''nï-'' (with indicative): places focus on verb - e.g. ንኜዴ ''nïnyédde'' "I did walk" (i.e. "(it is true) that I walked") | ||
*''sï-'': negative counterpart of ''nï-'' - e.g. ስኜዴ ''sïnyeddé'' "that I do not walk", ስኜዴ (ዪኝዋለ) ''sïnyeddé (yinywálä)'' "I must not walk", ስኜዴ ''sïnyédde'' "I did not walk" (i.e. "(it is true) that I did not walk") | *ስ- ''sï-'': negative counterpart of ''nï-'' - e.g. ስኜዴ ''sïnyeddé'' "that I do not walk", ስኜዴ (ዪኝዋለ) ''sïnyeddé (yinywálä)'' "I must not walk", ስኜዴ ''sïnyédde'' "I did not walk" (i.e. "(it is true) that I did not walk") | ||
*''kä-'': primary negation prefix | *ከ- ''kä-'': primary negation prefix | ||
*''bä-'': "when, if; because" | *በ- ''bä-'': "when, if; because" | ||
*''dä-'': "like, as if" | *ደ- ''dä-'': "like, as if" | ||
*''g(w)ï-'': "so that, in order that" | *ግ/ጕ- ''g(w)ï-'': "so that, in order that" | ||
*''mu-'': "while" (functions as participle) | *ሙ- ''mu-'': "while" (functions as participle) | ||
Tense/aspect prefixes occur between the subject and object concords (after the non-finite negation morpheme ''si-''). They include: | Tense/aspect prefixes occur between the subject and object concords (after the non-finite negation morpheme ''si-''). They include: | ||
*''-gä-'': itive - motion away from speaker/frame of reference, "go and -, go to -" | *-ገ- ''-gä-'': itive - motion away from speaker/frame of reference, "go and -, go to -" | ||
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*''-ĵï-'': venitive - motion towards speaker/frame of reference, "come and -, come to -" | *-ጅ- ''-ĵï-'': venitive - motion towards speaker/frame of reference, "come and -, come to -" | ||
*''-jï-'': persistive - "still, continue to -" | *-ጅ- ''-jï-'': persistive - "still, continue to -" | ||
*''-wa-'': inchoative - "start to -" | *-ዋ- ''-wa-'': inchoative - "start to -" | ||
--> | --> | ||
*''-me-'': anterior - event that occurred before the frame of reference and has present relevance, "have -ed" | *-ሜ- ''-me-'': anterior - event that occurred before the frame of reference and has present relevance, "have -ed" | ||
*''-lï-'': progressive - "be -ing" | *-ል- ''-lï-'': progressive - "be -ing" | ||
*''-vu-'': habitual - event that occurs/occurred regularly | *-ቩ- ''-vu-'': habitual - event that occurs/occurred regularly | ||
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*''-nä-'': conditional - "would -" | *-ነ- ''-nä-'': conditional - "would -" | ||
--> | --> | ||
*''-la-'': future - event that will occur after frame of reference, "will, going to -" | *-ላ- ''-la-'': future - event that will occur after frame of reference, "will, going to -" | ||
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*''-dä-'': event that is expected or hoped to occur in the future, "hopefully -, will probably"--> | *-ደ- ''-dä-'': event that is expected or hoped to occur in the future, "hopefully -, will probably"--> | ||
*''-le-'' (with perfect): event that almost occurred, "almost -ed" | *-ሌ- ''-le-'' (with perfect): event that almost occurred, "almost -ed" | ||
=====Suffixes===== | =====Suffixes===== | ||