Naeng/Literature: Difference between revisions
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'''Classical Windermere' | '''Classical Windermere''' (native name: ''brits Dămea'' /brits dəˈmeə/; [[Skellan]]: ''brits Dymée Yvẃr'' /prits ˈtəmɛi əˈvur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Imperial Windermere]] territories (''Wen Dămea''), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language [[Tergetian]] was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tergetian words. | ||
See [[Windermere/Modern]] for Modern Windermere. | See [[Windermere/Modern]] for Modern Windermere. | ||
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===Old Windermere=== | ===Old Windermere=== | ||
====Sandhi==== | ====Sandhi==== | ||
Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in | Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Modern Windermere. | ||
*ths -> st, as in ''sehf'' (go) -> *''thsehf'' -> ''stehf'' (to drive) ( | *ths -> st, as in ''sehf'' (go) -> *''thsehf'' -> ''stehf'' (to drive) (Modern ''binsteaf'' (energy), ''sămteaf'' (to energize)) | ||
Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated. | Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated. | ||
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*''th-'' (causative; denominal verbs) | *''th-'' (causative; denominal verbs) | ||
*''p-'' (agentive; triggers voicing of voiceless stops ''p t c'' to ''b d g'') | *''p-'' (agentive; triggers voicing of voiceless stops ''p t c'' to ''b d g'') | ||
**''da'' (know) -> ''păda'' (master; ''pda'' in | **''da'' (know) -> ''păda'' (master; ''pda'' in Modern Windermere) | ||
**''tüth'' (to grasp) -> ''pădüth'' (meaning, intention) | **''tüth'' (to grasp) -> ''pădüth'' (meaning, intention) | ||
*''ha-'' (passive) | *''ha-'' (passive) | ||
Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: ''snar'' (capture) -> ''snahr'' (trap, snare) which survives in | Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: ''snar'' (capture) -> ''snahr'' (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as ''sner''. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Classical Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and voice, but not for tense. | |||
In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax ''VERB ya-tsa'', lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'. | In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax ''VERB ya-tsa'', lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'. | ||
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====Voice affixes==== | ====Voice affixes==== | ||
Voice affixes are obsolete in | Voice affixes are obsolete in Modern Windermere. | ||
*''‹ăc›'' = Dynamic passive | *''‹ăc›'' = Dynamic passive | ||
*''‹ră›'', ''‹wă›'' = Stative passive | *''‹ră›'', ''‹wă›'' = Stative passive | ||
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*''lă'' = verbalizer (how productive?) | *''lă'' = verbalizer (how productive?) | ||
*''yă-'' = adjectivizer | *''yă-'' = adjectivizer | ||
*''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in | *''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere) | ||
*''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha) | *''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha) | ||
*''bo-'' = adjectivizer for verbs | *''bo-'' = adjectivizer for verbs | ||