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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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* The ''-ir-'' root extension causes the <small>3SG</small> indicative present ''-ē'' to become ''-e'' and the <small>3PL</small> indicative present ''-āhai'' to become ''-āhe''. | * The ''-ir-'' root extension causes the <small>3SG</small> indicative present ''-ē'' to become ''-e'' and the <small>3PL</small> indicative present ''-āhai'' to become ''-āhe''. | ||
* The third person interior imperfective subjunctive is ''-irya'' instead of *-ir-ī. | * The third person interior imperfective subjunctive is ''-irya'' instead of *-ir-ī. | ||
===Voice markers=== | ===Voice markers=== | ||
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Derived forms usually behave as impersonal too, like ''taprābake'' (to hate) — e.g. ''taprāblelyom taprābiṣya'' "haters gonna hate". | Derived forms usually behave as impersonal too, like ''taprābake'' (to hate) — e.g. ''taprāblelyom taprābiṣya'' "haters gonna hate". | ||
===Respectful verbs=== | |||
Actual usage of Chlouvānem grammatically marks respect towards the listener by using analytic constructions formed with auxiliary '''respectful verbs''' (''imatimaivi daradhaus'', i.e. verbs used in the ''imatimaiva'' (respectful language)<ref>Contrasting with the ''emmāmaiva'', (humble language), and the ''lilamaiva'' (neutral language); the three styles take their names from their respective words for "person"</ref>). They are used whenever the action being spoken of effects the listener in some way; a common mistake, made both by foreigners and young Chlouvānem people, is overusing them, thinking that in polite speech almost every single verb needs to be marked this way. | |||
The respectful auxiliaries themselves, as well as a number of inherently respectful verbs (e.g. ''pṛdhake'' "to ask" vs. neutral ''muṣke''; ''naiṣäke'' "to give" vs. neutral ''męlike''; ''naimake'' "to meet" vs. neutral ''vuryake''), do not need to be marked with a respectful auxiliary. Inherently humble verbs (or verbal locutions; e.g. ''yacce'' "to ask" or "to order, command" vs. neutral ''muṣke'' and ''spruvyake''; ''chlašake'' "to do, act, make" vs. neutral ''dṛke''; ''tittake'' "to suggest, advise" vs. neutral ''smārṣake''), which are, in learners' materials, treated together with respectful language, are also never used with an auxiliary. | |||
The choice of respectful verbs depends on various properties of the main verb, and using a different respectful verbs may imply different shades of meaning; some auxiliaries, in fact, act as if they were ''junyai'' of other ones. All respectful auxiliaries are used together with the main verb in the infinitive. | |||
====The respectful copula ''nu''==== | |||
The most common of the auxiliary verbs is √''nu'', also called the respectful copula as it is a defective verb which substitutes ''jalle'' in respectful language. However, it still lacks an infinitive, optative forms, and all ''junyai''; the respective forms of ''jalle'' are used instead. | |||
Its forms are all fairly regular, with a ''nuv-'' stem before vowels (with an irregularity in the 3SG present indicative) and ''nu-'' before consonants (e.g. the present indicative ''nuvu, nuvi, nuvē, nusme, nudya, nude, numim, nušin, nohai''). Its perfect stem is ''umu-'', the general future is ''noṣya-'', and the future intentional is ''umvālt-''. | |||
It is used as a general respectful auxiliary which is good for almost every meaning, but is used most of the time with intransitive, unaccusative, or non-volitive verbs: | |||
: ''mešegde'' "3SG sees" → ''mišake nuvegde'' "3SG sees (<small>RESP</small>)" | |||
: ''tailīsa'' "3SG/DU/PL has/have come" → ''talulke umva'' "3SG/DU/PL has/have come (<small>RESP</small>)" | |||
====Other respectful verbs==== | |||
The main auxiliary verb for transitive verbs is ''gāke'' (''gānē, gā, agā''), a partial respectful equivalent of ''dṛke''<ref>Unlike other full respectful equivalents, it cannot be used to form respectful equivalents of prefixed derivations; i.e. while ''muṣke'' has the respective equivalent ''pṛdhake'' and ''paṣmuṣke'' has ''paṣpṛdhake'', there is no verb *ālgāke as a respective equivalent to ''āndṛke'' like ''gāke'' is to ''dṛke''.</ref> | |||
The verbs ''nacce'' (''nacē - nacek - anaca''; respectful equivalent of ''milke'' "to take") and ''naiṣake'' (''naiṣē - naiṣek - anaiṣa''; respectful equivalent of ''męlike'' "to give") are both used with transitive and unergative verbs, but the choice of one or the other (or over ''gāke'') carries a distinction in meaning, related to the benefactive argument - using ''nacce'' as an auxiliary, it is implied that the agent is also the one who benefits of the action; using ''naiṣake'', the reverse is implied, that the agent makes it for someone else (often a group): | |||
: ''blutake gaite'' "you clean (<small>RESP</small>)" | |||
: ''blutake nacite'' "you clean (<small>RESP</small>) for yourself" | |||
: ''blutake naiṣite'' "you clean (<small>RESP</small>) for others" | |||
The verb ''nacce'' is often used as a polite optative for imperative requests, as seen in many common forms such as ''daudike nacamai'' "please" (literally something like "may you want (<small>RESP</small>), benefitting yourself") or ''kaukulke nacamaite'' "please tell..."<ref>Note that formal Chlouvānem has a plethora of ways to form polite and respectful imperatives, and a common one, especially when talking to higher-ranked people, is to reformulate an imperative as a humble statement; in such a case, "please tell" could be reformulated as ''kaukulke yacce cīchlakṣūyute'' "I humbly have to ask to tell", or even (though quite bookishly) up to something like ''kaukulke yacce chlašatite garpirati pīpaipsūyu'' "I (<small>HUMB</small>) have to be bad (lit. "take the bad manner of") and humbly ask to tell".</ref>. The polite optative ''nacce'' followed by ''garpirati paibu'' (lit. something like "I'm taken to behave badly") is a very common set phrase for making requests. | |||
The verb ''pṛdhake'' (''pardhē - pṛdhek - apṛdha'', respectful equivalent of ''muṣke'' "to ask") may be used with all verbs and virtually replaces the desiderative ''junya'', i.e. implies "to want to". Note that the desiderative ''junya'' of another auxiliary such as ''gāke'' (''hagās-'') or ''nacce'' (''nanākṣ-'') can still be used for virtually the same meaning - however, for some speakers, ''pṛdhake'' may imply a less strict desire. | |||
: ''yųlake pardhite'' "you want to eat (<small>RESP</small>)" | |||
Similarly, ''dvyūlke'' (''dvyauṇē - dvyūṇek - udvyūṇa'', respectful equivalent of ''yoṭṭe'' "to receive") replaces the necessitative ''junya'', i.e. "to have to": | |||
: ''bislulke dvyauṇḍe'' "they<small>.DU.</small> have to walk away (<small>RESP</small>)" | |||
===Irregular verbs=== | ===Irregular verbs=== | ||