Wistanian: Difference between revisions

  speak-PFV 3Sa.NOM '''ACC Q'''.

  sink -PFV '''mine'''

  set-PFV 1S.NOM ACC food    LOC  table '''POSS brown'''.

  speak-PFV boy  '''loudness'''

  speak-PFV '''loudness'''.

  speak-PFV boy  ACC '''loudness'''.

  speak-PFV boy  '''INST loudness'''.

  '''CO talk-PFV CO talk-PFV''' 3Sa.NOM  

Verbs, which tend to be expressed at the beginning of a sentence, are defined as any state or action applied to or applied by the subject. Wistanian verbs conjugate between the stative aspect, durative aspect, durative/perfective aspect, and irrealis mood. There are also a number of verbal particles (featured at the beginning of a VP) that denote conditional, telic, gnomic, permissive, obligative, and potential moods. There are a number of suffixes that can derive nouns from verbs. Tense is not marked but rather implied through context.

The durative verb can also take on an additional suffix, the perfective ⟨-i⟩, which reacts to the durative ⟨-a⟩, becoming ⟨-ai⟩.  

The conjugation paradigm of Wistanian is mostly regular due to pidginization, although some irregularities exist. Typically, the ⟨-a⟩ stem with be replaced with durative ⟨-a⟩, perfective ⟨-ai⟩, and stative ⟨-iya⟩. The ⟨-i⟩ and ⟨-u⟩ stems will shift in ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ respective before taking on the aspect markers. However, monosyllabic verbs that begin with a non-fricative consonant undergo epenthesis (the addition of a sound). When with the ⟨-a⟩ stem, it will be replaced with durative ⟨-aha⟩, perfective ⟨-ai⟩, and stative ⟨-ahiya⟩. When with the ⟨-i⟩ stem, it is replaced with durative ⟨-aya⟩, perfective ⟨-ayai⟩, and stative ⟨-iya⟩. When with the ⟨-u⟩ stem, it is replaced with durative ⟨-awa⟩, perfective ⟨-awai⟩, and stative ⟨-awiya⟩. Verbs ending in ⟨-iya⟩ also take on an irregular conjugation in which ⟨-iya⟩ is replaced with durative ⟨-a⟩, perfective ⟨-ai⟩, stative ⟨-iya⟩ rather that just the ⟨-a⟩ stem.

The only single vowel verb is '''u''' (to drink) and is conjugated as durative '''wa''', perfective '''wai''', and stative '''wiya'''.  

! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective

=====Perfective=====

The Perfective Aspect (<code>PFV</code>) is applied to a dynamic verb that views the action as a completed whole, strongly implying the past tense in the realis and future tense in the irrealis. Although the perfective is formed by adding ⟨-i⟩ to the durative ⟨-a⟩, becoming ⟨-ai⟩, it is glossed only as <code>PFV</code> rather than <code>DUR-PFV</code> for the sake of saving space.

   speak'''-PFV''' 1S.NOM language-peace.

As perfective, the verb '''yiga''' suggests a specific event that is a completed whole. It is important to understand the difference between the perfective and stative aspects since many stative verbs can be roughly translated as "has been X". Stative verbs are states, while perfective verbs are actions. Stative verbs are also usually still applicable in the moment of utterance while perfective verbs are usually not.

   walk.to-PFV'''-IRR''' 1S.NOM store.

When applied to a perfective verb, the sentence is translated that the subject has done the action before.

   '''GNO'''  put.on'''-PFV''' man ACC shirt.

   '''COND''' die -PFV '''-IRR''' 1S.NOM, bury-PFV-IRR 2S.NOM LOC  hill 1S.ACC.  

   '''HYP'''  sink  -PFV'''-IRR''' 1S.POSS boat,  COND exist-STA-IRR hole  LOC.

The atelic aspect (<code>ATEL</code>) refers to a verb that does not have an intended endpoint, whether because the action failed or was directionless. The atelic is denoted with the particle '''in''' and can only be applied to durative or perfective verbs.

   '''ATEL''' walk.to-PFV 1S.NOM store, TEMP minute COP three.

   break -PFV friend '''ACC''' bone COP 3S.POSS

   eat -PFV boy  '''3Si.ACC'''.

   hit-PFV 3Sa.NOM '''3Sa.ACC'''

   hit-PFV 3Sa.NOM '''ACC 3Sa.ACC'''.

  give-PFV 1S.NOM 2S.ACC '''INSTR''' flower.

   die -PFV 3S.NOM '''BEN'''  2S.ACC.

   die -PFV 3S.NOM '''CAU'''  2S.ACC.

  hide-PFV '''CO''' boy  '''CO''' girl.

  hide-PFV boy  '''WCO''' girl.