Zarḍenlaṇḍs: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Modern Hebrew
|nativename = {{heb|עברית}}<br/>''ngivrith''
|pronunciation = [ŋivˈriθ]
|region = Europe
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|states =
|speakers =
|date = 2015
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=[[w:Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]
|fam4=[[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|script=[[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{heb|עברית תקנית}}, [ŋivˈriθ tʰakˈniθ]) is a standardized lect of Modern Hebrew in [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]. It has undergone major grammatical simplifications from Biblical Hebrew.
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==Todo==
*''sjålôm'' = 'hello'
*''birtzônkhå/-êkh/-khem'' = 'please' (lit. 'with your will')
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:
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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
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==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stop
!<small>plain</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || || || || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|-
!<small>tense</small>
| || '''tt''' /t˭/ || '''ts''' /ts˭/ ||  || || '''cc''' /k˭/|| '''' ''' /ʔ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || || || || '''g''' /g/ ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''σ''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| || || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
|-
!colspan="2"| Resonant
|  || || '''r''' /r/ || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
|}
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel !! IPA
|-
| a || /a/
|-
| e || /ɛ/
|-
| ey || /ɛɪ/
|-
| eo || /ə/
|-
| i || /i/
|-
| o || /ɔ/
|-
| ow|| /ɔw/
|-
| u || /u/
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
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Nouns
Adjectives
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Particles
Derivational morphology
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===Nouns===
The Biblical Hebrew declension system with state, number and possession is mostly preserved. BH's declension system with complex stem changes have been regularized into a system with three principal parts (modulo regular phonetic alterations such as "CəC > CC when a suffix is added"):
# the absolute singular,
# the absolute plural,
# the construct singular stem (formed by removing any feminine -ath ending).
The definite article ''ha-'' is added to any noun phrase even if it would violate traditional construct state rules.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''caleov'' (m.) - 'dog'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Absolute
|''caleov''||''ceolovim''
|-
!|Construct
|''caleov''||''calvey''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''calvi''||''calvay''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''calvcho''||''calváycho''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''calvech''||''calvaych''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''calvow''||''calvov''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''calvo''||''calváyho''
|-
!|1pl possessor
|''calvénu''||''calváynu''
|-
!|2pl.m possessor
|''calvchem''||''calveychem''
|-
!|2pl.f possessor
|''calvchen''||''calveychen''
|-
!|3pl.m possessor
|''calvom''||''calveyhem''
|-
!|3pl.f possessor
|''calvon''||''calveyhen''
|}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''beorocho'' (f.) - 'greeting'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Absolute
|''beorocho''||''beorochowth''
|-
!|Construct
|''bircath''||''bircowth''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''bircothi''||''bircowthay''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''bircothcho''||''bircowtháycho''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''bircothech''||''bircowthaych''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''bircothow''||''bircowthov''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''bircotho''||''bircowtháyho''
|-
!|1pl possessor
|''bircothénu''||''bircowtháynu''
|-
!|2pl.m possessor
|''bircothchem''||''bircowtheychem''
|-
!|2pl.f possessor
|''bircothchen''||''bircowtheychen''
|-
!|3pl.m possessor
|''bircothom''||''bircowtheyhem''
|-
!|3pl.f possessor
|''bircothon''||''bircowtheyhen''
|}
===Adjectives===
Adjectives have two principal parts as in Tiberian Hebrew:
# the masculine singular;
# the feminine singular stem (formed by removing -o from the masculine plural), also used in the plural.
*''godhowl'' = big (ms)
*''geodhowlo'' = big (fs)
*''geodhowlim'' = big (mp)
*''geodhowlowth'' = big (fp)
===Verbs===
The verb has been drastically simplified, using verbal nouns in lieu of traditional conjugated verbs. The possessor of a verbal noun is usually its direct object.
*paal: Peo3iLo
*nifal: hiPPo3Luth
*piel: Pi33ul, Pa33oLo
*hifil: heP3eyL, haP3oLo
*hitpael: hithPa33Luth
:'''''Ha yaleodh beo sjeyno.'''''
:''The child is sleeping.''
:'''''Ha poro beo 'eochilath dásjeo.'''''
:''The cow eats grass.'' (< ''The cow is at eating of grass.'')
:'''''Ha poro beo 'eochilothow.'''''
:''The cow eats it.'' (< ''The cow is at its eating.'')
===Other predicate constructions===
:'''''Yeysj rangeov ngeolay.'''''
:''I'm hungry.'' (lit. ''There is hunger on me.'')
===Pronouns and prepositions===
Subject pronouns fuse with tense, voice and negatives to form a copula (usually placed after the subject):
Present affirmative:
*1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: ni, to, te, (hu), (hi), 'ónu, 'atem, 'aten, heym, heyn
Present negative:
*1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: 'eyni/'eynéni, 'eyncho, 'eyneych, 'eynow, 'eyno, 'eynénu, 'eynchem, 'eynchen, 'eynom, 'eynon
Past imperfect affirmative:
*yíthi, yítho, yíthe, yo, tho, yínu, yíthem, yíthen, yu
Past imperfect negative:
*lowyíthi, lowyítho, ...
Future/subjunctive affirmative:
*eye, tito, tiyi, yiye, tiye, niye, tiyu, tiyu, yiyu, tiyéno
Future negative:
*low eye, low tito, low tiyi, ...
The auxiliary verb ''ccah'' can be used to indicate the passive (similar to ''cael'' in Welsh):
*past: ccáhti, ccáhto, ccaht, ccah, cceoho, ccáhnu, ccáhtem, ccáhten, cceohu
*present: cceah ni, cceah 'ato, ...? (should the lowcceah be uninflected?)
*future: eccah, ticcahto, ticceohi, yiccah, ticcah, ...
An example of a passive sentence:
:{{heb|רות קחה הכאה מכדור שלג.}}
:'''''Ruth cceoho haco'o mi cadur sjáleogh.'''''
:''Ruth was hit by a snowball.'' (< 'Ruth took a hitting from a snowball.')
===Numbers===
''ahad, sjtajim, sjolowsj, arbang, hamesh, shesh, sjavang, sjmowneo, tesjang, ngeseor''
''howseor X'' ("lack of X"): "negative X"
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
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==Example texts==
==Other resources==
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
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