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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
Chlouvānem has a series of pronouns which are irregular when compared to other nouns, yet they follow a mostly similar pattern among themselves. As with nouns and adjectives, in Chlouvānem there is mostly no difference between possessive and demonstrative pronouns and adjectives. Note that ''pronouns'' here are defined as a morphological category, as there are many pronominal locutions or nouns acting as pronouns in the Chlouvānem honorific system, as well as nouns standing for pronouns, both in formal and extremely informal speech. | Chlouvānem has a series of pronouns which are irregular when compared to other nouns, yet they follow a mostly similar pattern among themselves - except for ''yūk'', whose pattern is however clearly derived from the plural forms of nouns, unlike other ones which derive their inflections from the singular. As with nouns and adjectives, in Chlouvānem there is mostly no difference between possessive and demonstrative pronouns and adjectives. Note that ''pronouns'' here are defined as a morphological category, as there are many pronominal locutions or nouns acting as pronouns in the Chlouvānem honorific system, as well as nouns standing for pronouns, both in formal and extremely informal speech. | ||
Standard Chlouvānem as spoken today uses the following morphological pronouns (not including those that follow nominal inflection): | Standard Chlouvānem as spoken today uses the following morphological pronouns (not including those that follow nominal inflection): | ||
* 1st person '''lili''' (sg.), '''lenak''' (dual), and ''' | * 1st person '''lili''' (sg.), '''lenak''' (dual), and '''yūk''' (pl.). | ||
* 2nd person informal '''sāmi''' (sg.) and '''sanak''' (dual). | * 2nd person informal '''sāmi''' (sg.) and '''sanak''' (dual). | ||
* 2nd person formal superior '''nami''' (sg.; also used for 2nd plural, both informal and formal generic) and '''nanak''' (dual).
| * 2nd person formal superior '''nami''' (sg.; also used for 2nd plural, both informal and formal generic) and '''nanak''' (dual).
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The pronouns doubling as adjectives are: | The pronouns doubling as adjectives are: | ||
* The demonstratives, all declining for case; there are 33 different forms depending on distance and position in space; '''nenē''' (proximal), '''nunū''' (medial), and '''nanā''' (distal) being the least marked ones, even though they may imply "ahead" if used to disambiguate from others. | * The demonstratives, all declining for case; there are 33 different forms depending on distance and position in space; '''nenē''' (proximal), '''nunū''' (medial), and '''nanā''' (distal) being the least marked ones, even though they may imply "ahead" if used to disambiguate from others. | ||
* The possessives, which are also the genitive forms of pronouns: '''lilyā''', '''ilayā''', ''' | * The possessives, which are also the genitive forms of pronouns: '''lilyā''', '''ilayā''', '''yūñjā''', '''sāmyā''', '''isayā''', '''namyā''', '''innayā''', '''tamyā''', '''ittayā''', '''ravyā''', '''irayā''', '''demyā''', ('''yanyā'''). | ||
Among younger speakers in some areas the Jade Coast, most notably in Līlasuṃghāṇa, Taitepamba, and Kūmanabūruh, demonstratives and possessives, when used attributively, are not inflected at all, e.g. ''lili nanā phēcamu mišau'' "I saw that cat" instead of standard ''lili nanau phēcamu mišau''. | Among younger speakers in some areas the Jade Coast, most notably in Līlasuṃghāṇa, Taitepamba, and Kūmanabūruh, demonstratives and possessives, when used attributively, are not inflected at all, e.g. ''lili nanā phēcamu mišau'' "I saw that cat" instead of standard ''lili nanau phēcamu mišau''. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Plural !! colspan=3 | 1st person | ! rowspan=2 | Plural !! colspan=3 | 1st person | ||
| ''' | | '''yūk''' || (i)vaih || (i)vān || yūñjā || yūmān || (i)vanīs || (i)vāra || yūkṣām || (i)vanīs || yūlīm || yūnīka | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd person !! colspan=2 | Informal | ! 2nd person !! colspan=2 | Informal | ||
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'''yavyāta''' (though often replaced by ''nami'') and '''yakaliyātam''' are used as formal second person plural pronouns; they are however nouns and decline as such (as singular 1-h and 1-m declension respectively, but they take plural verbs and adjectives). Various other nouns may be used as second- or third-person pronouns depending on the situation; see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|the following section on honorifics]] for a list of them and their usage. | '''yavyāta''' (though often replaced by ''nami'') and '''yakaliyātam''' are used as formal second person plural pronouns; they are however nouns and decline as such (as singular 1-h and 1-m declension respectively, but they take plural verbs and adjectives). Various other nouns may be used as second- or third-person pronouns depending on the situation; see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|the following section on honorifics]] for a list of them and their usage. | ||
The forms of ''yūk'' with initial ''i-'' are obsolete, but are found in Archaic and Classical Chlouvānem. | |||
====Use of possessives==== | ====Use of possessives==== | ||