Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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==Brief Description== | ==Brief Description== | ||
Kämpya has topic comment syntax with isolating morphology. It belongs to category 4 in Milewski's typology [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milewski's_typology] i.e. it uses the same marker (the clitic - | Kämpya has topic comment syntax with isolating morphology. It belongs to category 4 in Milewski's typology [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milewski's_typology] i.e. it uses the same marker (the clitic -ja) to mark both possessors and ergative subjects. Possessors are marked for alienability [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienable_possession] using tone, and come before the nouns they modify. Kämpya (at least in the standard dialect) uses postpositions rather than prepositions, and adjectives can come either before or after the nouns they modify if they are restrictive or non-restrictive respectively [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness]. | ||
In terms of phonology, the most notable thing is a 3-way vowel phonation contrast on stressed syllables (which is not present on unstressed syllables). Kämpya distinguishes words with harsh voice (marked with a tilde e.g. /a̰/), from breathy voice (marked with a pair of dots either above or below the vowel e.g. /a̤/ or /ä/), from glottalisation (marked with a glottal stop after the vowel e.g. /aʔ/. | In terms of phonology, the most notable thing is a 3-way vowel phonation contrast on stressed syllables (which is not present on unstressed syllables). Kämpya distinguishes words with harsh voice (marked with a tilde e.g. /a̰/), from breathy voice (marked with a pair of dots either above or below the vowel e.g. /a̤/ or /ä/), from glottalisation (marked with a glottal stop after the vowel e.g. /aʔ/. | ||
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===Consonant Neutralisations=== | ===Consonant Neutralisations=== | ||
Voicing and aspiration distinctions are neutralised in syllable codas, though they are still present underlyingly e.g. /sjúˈðâ̰d/ - "city" is pronounced [sjúˈðâ̰t], but when combined with the genitive clitic / | Voicing and aspiration distinctions are neutralised in syllable codas, though they are still present underlyingly e.g. /sjúˈðâ̰d/ - "city" is pronounced [sjúˈðâ̰t], but when combined with the genitive clitic /jà/ to form /sjúˈðâ̰djà/ - "of the city (alienable)", it is pronounced [sjúˈðâ̰djà]. | ||
In colloquial speech, stops in the codas of unstressed syllables are debuccalised to glottal stops e.g. the city named /ˈkʰóʔnàt/ is often pronounced [ˈkʰóʔnàʔ]. | In colloquial speech, stops in the codas of unstressed syllables are debuccalised to glottal stops e.g. the city named /ˈkʰóʔnàt/ is often pronounced [ˈkʰóʔnàʔ]. | ||
If a nasal coda occurs before /h/, an approximant, or at the end of a word, it is simply pronounced as nasalisation of the preceding vowel e.g. / | If a nasal coda occurs before /h/, an approximant, or at the end of a word, it is simply pronounced as nasalisation of the preceding vowel e.g. /áˈlòṳn/ - "everyone" is pronounced [áˈlòṳⁿ]. But likewise it is still present underlyingly, as can be seen when combined with the genitive clitic /jà/ to form /áˈlòṳnjà/ - "everyone's (alienable)", which is pronounced [áˈlòṳnjà]. | ||
===Stress and Phonation=== | ===Stress and Phonation=== | ||
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/h/ never occurs after vowels with harsh phonation. | /h/ never occurs after vowels with harsh phonation. | ||
Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic / | Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /jà/ or the benefactive clitic /àkjàuŋ/), means that the /h/ is no longer in coda position, then these process do not occur e.g. | ||
/à̤h | /à̤h jà/ - "of the question (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈà̤çà] (/hj/ assimilates to [ç]). | ||
/dáʔh | /dáʔh jà/ - "of the darkness (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈdáʔçà]. | ||
/à̤h àkjàuŋ/ - "for the question" is pronounced [ˈà̤ɦàkjàuⁿ]. | |||
/dáʔh àkjàuŋ/ - "for the darkness" is pronounced [ˈdáʔhàkjàuⁿ]. | |||
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| alone || áˈlôṵn || áˈlòṵn || àˈlóṵn | | alone || áˈlôṵn || áˈlòṵn || àˈlóṵn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| alone + Genitive / Ergative clitic / | | alone + Genitive / Ergative clitic /ja/ || áˈlôṵnjà || áˈlòṵnjá || àˈlóṵnjà | ||
|- | |- | ||
| all || áˈlòṳn || áˈlòṳn || àˈlǒṳn | | all || áˈlòṳn || áˈlòṳn || àˈlǒṳn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| all + Genitive / Ergative clitic / | | all + Genitive / Ergative clitic /ja/ || áˈlòṳnjà || áˈlòṳnjá || àˈlǒṳnjà | ||
|} | |} | ||