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The word ''[[Contionary:tevrés#Tevr.C3.A9s|tevrés]]'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōris'' (stress shifted to match accusative ''tibōrissin''), referring to the Tiborer, an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire. The Tiborer also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. | The word ''[[Contionary:tevrés#Tevr.C3.A9s|tevrés]]'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōris'' (stress shifted to match accusative ''tibōrissin''), referring to the Tiborer, an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire. The Tiborer also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. | ||
All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''[[Contionary:tevrés#Tevr.C3.A9s|tevrés]]''. The term '' | All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''[[Contionary:tevrés#Tevr.C3.A9s|tevrés]]''. The term ''{{term|hileranos}}'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çira}} {{term|vuya}}'' (proper language), ''[[Tevrés#Articles|llos]] {{term|tevrés}} {{term|vuis}}'' (proper Tevrés), or ''{{term|vuyanos}}'' in order to differentiate it from other ''{{term|hilerandre}}'' languages. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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A regular noun in Tevrés belongs to one of three basic declension classes, a group of nouns with similar inflected forms. These classes are generally typified by the final vowel of the nominative and accusative cases. Class I is identified by the letter -a, class II by -o, and class III by either an -e or a consonant. However, there is significant variation within declension classes, and thus these are further divided into subclasses. | A regular noun in Tevrés belongs to one of three basic declension classes, a group of nouns with similar inflected forms. These classes are generally typified by the final vowel of the nominative and accusative cases. Class I is identified by the letter -a, class II by -o, and class III by either an -e or a consonant. However, there is significant variation within declension classes, and thus these are further divided into subclasses. | ||
There are five Tevrés noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections. These cases display a high degree of ''syncretism'', or identical endings shared between different cases. This causes ambiguity, which is usually resolved either by use of articles, prepositions, context, or all of the above. Some cases, such as the genitive, are used almost exclusively with the definite article; in indefinite constructions, the ablative plus the preposition ''el'' ("from") is used: ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çella [[Tevrés#Articles|uy]] gom'' ("the wumbo's cat") versus ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çella el goma'' ("a/some wumbo's cat"). | There are five Tevrés noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections. These cases display a high degree of ''syncretism'', or identical endings shared between different cases. This causes ambiguity, which is usually resolved either by use of articles, prepositions, context, or all of the above. Some cases, such as the genitive, are used almost exclusively with the definite article; in indefinite constructions, the ablative plus the preposition ''el'' ("from") is used: ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} [[Tevrés#Articles|uy]] {{term|gom}}'' ("the wumbo's cat") versus ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} {{term|el}} {{term|goma}}'' ("a/some wumbo's cat"), alongside ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} {{term|gom}}''. | ||
Tevrés syntax is far less dependant on word order than English because of these cases. Thus "the dog chases the cat" may be either ''llos çievre lla çella cossa'' or ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çella [[Tevrés#Articles|llos]] çievre cossa''. | Tevrés syntax is far less dependant on word order than English because of these cases. Thus "the dog chases the cat" may be either ''[[Tevrés#Articles|llos]] {{term|çievre}} [[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} {{term|cossa}}'' or ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} [[Tevrés#Articles|llos]] {{term|çievre}} {{term|cossa}}''. | ||
# '''Nominative''' — used when the noun is the subject. The person or thing acting: the '''cat''' ran: '''''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çella''' cotllía'' | # '''Nominative''' — used when the noun is the subject. The person or thing acting: the '''cat''' ran: '''''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}}''' {{term|cotllía}}'' | ||
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject. The person or thing acted upon: the wumbo drank the '''water''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] goma '''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] ota''' teuta'' | # '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject. The person or thing acted upon: the wumbo drank the '''water''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|goma}} '''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|ota}}''' {{term|teuta}}'' | ||
# '''Dative''' — used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, or otherwise then the noun is effected by the action. It may also be used for direction or location of movement or action; I gave a cat to my '''friend''': '''''garino tuyo''' çella teçía''; The cat went '''home''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çella '''como''' vía'' | # '''Dative''' — used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, or otherwise then the noun is effected by the action. It may also be used for direction or location of movement or action; I gave a cat to my '''friend''': '''''{{term|garino}} {{term|tuyo}}''' {{term|çella}} {{term|teçía}}''; The cat went '''home''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} '''{{term|como}}''' {{term|vía}}'' | ||
# '''Genitive''' — used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object: "the horse of the wumbo", or "the wumbo's horse"; in both instances, the word man would be in the genitive case when it is translated into Tevrés. It may also indicate the subject of a subjunctive clause; the '''wumbo's''' cat: ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çella '''[[Tevrés#Articles|uy]] gom'''''; Avil likes the çat '''Huezco''' bought him: ''ável [[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çella '''huez''' cota | # '''Genitive''' — used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object: "the horse of the wumbo", or "the wumbo's horse"; in both instances, the word man would be in the genitive case when it is translated into Tevrés. It may also indicate the subject of a subjunctive clause; the '''wumbo's''' cat: ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} '''[[Tevrés#Articles|uy]] {{term|gom}}'''''; Avil likes the çat '''Huezco''' bought him: ''{{term|ável}} [[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} '''{{term|huez}}''' {{term|cota}} {{term|meyes}}'' | ||
# Ablative — used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument; the cat ran '''from the dog''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çella '''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] çievra''' cotllía'' | # Ablative — used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument; the cat ran '''from the dog''': ''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çella}} '''[[Tevrés#Articles|lla]] {{term|çievra}}''' {{term|cotllía}}'' | ||
=====Class I===== | =====Class I===== | ||
Nouns in class I end in -a in both the nominative and accusative singular cases and are mostly cyclical e.g. '' | Nouns in class I end in -a in both the nominative and accusative singular cases and are mostly cyclical e.g. ''{{term|llaesta}}'' c.("luck") and ''{{term|pira}}'' c. ("wax"), with a small group of temporary nouns generally referring to occupations, e.g. ''{{term|coxazga}}'' t. ("courier"). | ||
Class I.a. represents the dominant paradigm of the declension. Class I.b. is the result of the regular sound change of final -''o'' to -''e'' after a coronal consonant, merging the dative and genitive, but is otherwise identical to I.a.. Class I.c. is notable for ''epenthesis'', or the introduction of a sound, to the root in the nominative and dative plurals. | Class I.a. represents the dominant paradigm of the declension. Class I.b. is the result of the regular sound change of final -''o'' to -''e'' after a coronal consonant, merging the dative and genitive, but is otherwise identical to I.a.. Class I.c. is notable for ''epenthesis'', or the introduction of a sound, to the root in the nominative and dative plurals. | ||
The singular genitive and plural accusative froms of ''frema'', ''frem'', also demonstrate the regular | The singular genitive and plural accusative froms of ''{{term|frema}}'', ''{{term|frem}}'', also demonstrate the regular [[w:apocope]], or dropping, of final unstressed -''e'' after a sonorant or -''d''. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||