Metin: Difference between revisions

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==General information==
==General information==
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|N
|N
|ñ
|ñ
|ñ'
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!Plosive
!Plosive
|p, b, bh
|bh
|
|
|t, d, dh
|t, d, dh
|t', d', dh'
|t', d', dh'
|T, D, Dh
|T, D, Dh
|c, j, jh
|
|c',j', jh'
|
|k, g, gh
|k, g, gh
|
|
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|-
|-
!Fricative
!Fricative
|f, v~w
|f
|
|
|s, z
|s, z, zh
|
|
|S, Z
|S, Z
|sy, zy
|sy, zy, zyh
|
|
sy', zy'
|x,G
|x
|q
|q
|h
|h
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|
|
|
|
|ts, dz
|ts, dz. dzh
|ts', dz'
|ts', dz', dzh'
|TS, DZ
|C, J, Jh
|
|c, j, jh
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|s', z'
|s', z', zh', ł
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|i,i', I
|i,i'
|ï, r, zy'
|ï
|u, u', U, zw'
|u, u'
|-
|-
!Near-close
!Near-close
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|-
|-
!Close-mid
!Close-mid
|e, ei', E
|e,
|
|
|o, ou', O
|o
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
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|-
|-
!Near-open
!Near-open
|á, ai'
|á
|
|
|à, au', A
|A
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
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|}
|}
I'd imagine that you are thoroughly confused by the phonology, especially because it didn't use IPA (I couldn't find IPA for half of them anyway.)


The consonants marked with apostrophes are lateral sounds (I'm not sure if that's what they are really called but I'm sticking with it.)
The consonants marked with apostrophes are lateral sounds


To pronounce them, put the tip of your tongue at the base of your bottom teeth. Then, bend the rest of your tongue upwards until the center of your tongue is pressed against the base of the top teeth. Then, make a plosive, nasal, fricative, or lateral with your tongue in this position. You should sound like you have a lisp.
To pronounce them, put the tip of your tongue at the base of your bottom teeth. Then, bend the rest of your tongue upwards until the center of your tongue is pressed against the base of the top teeth. Then, make a plosive, nasal, fricative, or lateral with your tongue in this position. You should sound like you have a lisp.


The consonants marked with CAPS are retroflex sounds. Pronounce them with the tip of the tongue touching  the very top of the mouth. 'r' is also a retroflex sound, but there is no 'R' to contrast it with, so it is left in lower case.
Plosive consonants and fricatives make a three-way distinction, voiceless, voiced, and voiced aspirant. v~w is considered an approximant, although it surfaces as the voiced bilabial fricative v before or after labial vowels. All fricatives, even aspirated ones, may occur at the end of syllables. There is no aspirated Gh, nor are there p or b sounds. The only consonant clusters in the Metin language are affricates and l clusters, such as kl, tl, dl, and dlh. l clusters may beaspirated. The l clusters pl and bl exist, even though the p and b sounds do not occur in isolation. There are also x clusters, px, tx, and Tx, there are only 3, and they are always voiceless.
 
Plosive consonants make a three-way distinction, voiceless, voiced, and voiced aspirant.
 
They may also be labialized or palatalized (marked by a following y or w, respectively). Retroflex sounds may not be palatalized, and dental and alveolar-lateral sounds become palatal and palatal-lateral sounds on palatalization, respectively. The palatal plosives are more affricate in character than plosive, but they arise from plosives, and will be considered as such. A consonant may be only palatalized before a labial or neutral vowel (back or mid vowels), but not before another palatal vowel (front vowels). Thus, pyà and pya are permitted combiniations, but not pyá or pye.
 
The inverse applies to labial consonants, which may only stand before non labial vowels, thus pwi and pwï are permitted, but not pwu.


Fricatives and affricates are subject to the same rules, except that they may not be aspirated. v~w is considered an approximant, although it surfaces as the voiced bilabial fricative v before labial vowels, it cannot hold secondary articulation.
Nasals are only distinguished from eachother in the onset of a syllable, at the end of a syllable, they become the archiphoneme m*, which agrees with the following consonant in place and manner of articulation. If followed by a vowel, m* becomes, m before normal vowels and n' before lateral vowels.


Nasals cannot carry any secondary articulations. Nasals are also only distinguished from eachother in the onset of a syllable, at the end of a syllable, they become the archiphoneme m*, which agrees with the following consonant in place and manner of articulation. If followed by a vowel, m* becomes, m before normal vowels, N before retroflex vowels, and n' before lateral vowels.
Approximants can also carry no secondary articulations. There is also an archiphoneme for syllable final approximants, that is l*. l* becomes ł before voiceless non-retroflex consonants, r before retroflex consonants, vowels, and voiced consonants, and l before voiced palatal and dental consonants.
 
Approximants can also carry no secondary articulations. There is also an archiphoneme for syllable final approximants, that is l*. l* becomes l' before lateral vowels and consonants, r before retroflex vowels and consoants, and l before anything else.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Vowels are divided into three groups, normal, retroflex and lateral.
Vowels are divided into two groups, normal and lateral.


A normal vowel has the tongue held straight during production. They cannot occur after a lateral or retroflex consonant.They are divided int three groups. The first group is the fronted vowels, or palatals, which are are i, e and á. They cancel out the palatalization in a preceding consonant. The neutral mid vowels are ï, ë, and a. They can stand after labialized or palatalized consonants. The final groupis the back vowels, or labial vowels, u, o and à. They cancel out labialization in the preceding consonant. (note, consonants in the palatal column are inherently palatal, and can have palatal vowels after them, thus "ce" is permitted, even if "pye" is not.)
A normal vowel has the tongue held straight during production. They cannot occur after a lateral or retroflex consonant.They are divided int three groups. The first group is the fronted vowels, or palatals, which are are i, e and á. The neutral mid vowels are ï, ë, and a. . The final group is the back vowels, or labial vowels, u, o and à.


A retroflex has the tongue curled and pointed upwards during production. Retroflex vowels only distinguish openness, not frontness or backness. They are divided into two series, neutral and labial. The neutral vowels are r, I and E. The labial vowels are U, O, and A. (note: the "vowels" r and U are actually syllabic consonants, U being a labialized r.). Retroflex vowels can only stand after retroflex, velar, labial, uvular, and glottal consonants.
A lateral vowel is produced with the tip of the tongue at the base of the teeth and the rest of the tongue bent upwards. Frontness and backness are not distinguished, only openness and labialness. There are only two pure lateral vowels, unlabialized i' and labialized u', the other lateral vowels are dipthongs, aa' is a dipthong of aa and i', o' is a dipthong of o and u'.
 
A lateral vowel is produced with the tip of the tongue at the base of the teeth and the rest of the tongue bent upwards. Like retroflex vowels, frontness and backness is not distinguished, only openness and labialness. They are also divided into neutral and labial series. The neutral series consists of zy', i', ei' and ai' (ei' and ai' are always dipthongized, and zy' is a syllabic consonant). The labial series consists of zw', u', ou' and au' (ou' and au' are always dipthongized, and zw' is a syllabic consonant.). The lateral vowels can only come after lateral, labial, velar, uvular, and glottal consonants.
==Syllable structure.==
==Syllable structure.==
The onset consists of any consonant in the Metin language, or one of the permitted onset clusters, which are
The onset consists of any consonant in the Metin language, or one of the permitted onset clusters, the l clusters (tl, dl, dlh), the affricates (ts, J, dz') or the x clusters (tx, Tx, px). The nucleus may be any vowel. The final may be any fricative, including h.
 
Phonotactics: The vowels i and ï change to i' before lateral consonants. /s'ii/> s'ii', /t'ï/> t'i'. u changes to u' before lateral consonats /ts'u/>ts'u', /dzh'uu/>dzh'uu'.
px, pl, pl', pr tx, tl, ts, dz, t'x, tl', dz', Tr, Tx, TS, DZ, kl, kl', and kr. An onset is not required in a syllable.
 
Any vowel or the syllabic consonants r, U, zy', and zw' can form the core. Some combinations of onset and core are not permitted, these were detailed above. All syllables must have a core
 
The coda may be any of the archiphonemes m*, t*, l*, h*, and q* or the plosives p and k. A coda is not required in a syllable. There is never more than one consonant in the coda.
 
===Alphabet===
 
 
 
===Phonotactics===




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Metin numbers are divided into genders, which hold prefixes marking for the four cases and number.
Metin numbers are divided into genders, which hold prefixes marking for the four cases and number.
===Gender 1===
===Gender 1===
Gender 1 is exclusively for humans. It can be subdivided into 3 subgenders.
Gender 1 is exclusively for humans.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Subgender 1a: sui: example suimetin: metin person.
|+Gender 1: si: example sime> person.
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|Common
! scope="row"|Common
|suimetin
|sime
|okametin
|oame
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
! scope="row"|Ablative
|soometin
|soome
|okoometin
|koome
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|sweemetin
|sueeme
|okeemetin
|keeme
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="row"|Oblique
|swalmetin
|sual*me>suarme
|okaalmetin
|oal*me> oarme
|}
|}
 
The l* in sual*me and kal*me indicates that it is the archiphoneme l*, which changes to r before voiced consonants (see phonology)
===Gender 2===
Gender 2 is usually used to mark machines and complex objects, and to make machines of verbs. It does not mark a plural normally, although the prefix dha can be used optionally
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Subgender 1b: fi: example fii'ts'ei'n: her/his brother
|+Gender 2: y'aq: example: y'aqcaa'n: aircraft
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|Common
! scope="row"|Common
|fii'tsei'n
|ee'qcaa'n
|fii'ts'i'ts'ei'n
|(dhaee'qcaa'n)
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
! scope="row"|Ablative
|fyoou'ts'ei'n
|i'qoocaa'n
|fyoou'ts'i'ts'ei'n
|(dhai'qoocaa'n)
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|feei'ts'ei'n
|ye'ncaa'n
|feei'ts'i'ts'ei'n
|(dhaye'ncaa'n)
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="row"|Oblique
|fyai'lts'ei'n
|yu'ncaa'n
|fyai'ts'i'ts'ei'n
|(dhay'uncaa'n)
|}
|}


===Gender 3===
Gender 3 is used to mark a variety of inanimate objects
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|+Subgender 1c: Tr: example Trhálna: pilot
|+Gender 3: fï: example: fïïtooq: plant
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|Common
! scope="row"|Common
|Trhálna
|fïtooq
|okahelno
|dhatooq
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
! scope="row"|Ablative
|TOOhálna
|fuootooq
|okoohelno
|dhootooq
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|TEEhálna
|fintooq
|okeehelno
|jhintooq
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="row"|Oblique
|TAlhálna
|funtooq
|okaalhelno
|
jhuntooq
|}
|}
Subgender 1a is mostly used for generic people terms, like suisui: person, suime: child, or suibi'al: woman. It is also used to produce resident names from a nationality, for example: suimetin: metinperson, from metin: relating to metin.


Subgender 1b is used for relational terms, like mother, father, or friend. 1b nouns always take a posessive suffix indicating the gender and number of the posessor, for example: fii'ts'ei'n: her/his brother, fii'ts'u': my brother, fii'ts'ou': your brother.


Subgender 1c is used to nominalize verb roots, for example, Trhálna: pilot, from hiln*, to fly.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
===Gender 2===
|+Gender 3 diminuitive: n'e example:n'etooq: sprout
Gender 2 has no subgenders. It is usually used to mark machines and complex objects, and to make machines of verbs.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Gender 2: y'aq: example: y'aqhilnu: aircraft
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|Common
! scope="row"|Common
|y'aqhilnu
|n'etooq
|ii'qhelno
|(dhan'etooq) etc..
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
! scope="row"|Ablative
|i'qoohilnu
|n'ootooq
|ii'qoohelno
|
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|y'aqnahilnu
|n'entooq
|ii'n'ahelno
|
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="row"|Oblique
|i'qu'ihilnu
|n'untooq
|ii'qu'ihelno
|
|}
|}


 
===Gender 4===
===Gender 3===
Gender 4 is also used for inanimate objects, usually large immobile objects, or cities
Gender 3 is used to mark a variety of inanimate objects
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|+Gender 4: cà: example: càDUh: house
|+Gender 3: bï: example: bïtooq: plant
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|Common
! scope="row"|Common
|bïtooq
|càDuh
|dhatooq
|morDuh
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|cooDuh
|mooDuh
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|cAZDuh
|muZDuh
|-
! scope="row"|Oblique
|cuDuh
|muDuh
|}
===Gender 5===
Gender 5 is used for uncountable objects, like water or sand.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|+Gender 5: mi example: miji: water
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|
Mass
|-
! scope="row"|Common
|miji
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
! scope="row"|Ablative
|buootooq
|muooji
|dhootooq
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|bintooq
|minji
|dhantooq
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="row"|Oblique
|byutooq
|munji
|
jhutooq
|}
|}


 
===Gender 6===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
Gender 6 is used for abstract concepts and qualities, like love, justice, or colors. Gender 6 nouns are also uncountable.
|+Gender 3 diminuitive: n'ei': example: n'ei't'ooq: sprout
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected"
|+Gender 6: lu example: luquo: the color white.
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|Singular
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Plural
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Common
! scope="row"|Common
|n'ei't'ooq
|luquo
|dhai'n'ei't'ooq
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
! scope="row"|Ablative
|ñ'ootooq
|luooquo
|dhai'ñ'ootooq
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|ñ'antooq
|luZquo
|dhai'ñ'antooq
|-
! scope="row"|Oblique
|lunquo
|}
 
==Verbs==
The Metin verb is by far the most complex part of Metin grammar. Most of Metin verb morphology involves prefixes, allthough there are a handful of suffixes that can occur.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Metin verb template
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col"|Disjunct prefixes
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Conjunct prefixes
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Inner prefixes
! scope="col"|Stem
! scope="col"|Suffixes
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="col"|Evidentiality
|ñ'uu't'ooq
! scope="col"|Lexical
|dhai'ñ'uu't'ooq
! scope="col"|Outer
! scope="col"|Theme Vowel
! scope="col"|Inner
! scope="col"|Object
! scope="col"|Subject
! scope="col"|Inner
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
|im
|fu-syija
|h
|á
|x
|s
|h
|r
|keeh
|sis
|}
|}
"imfusyijaxkiásáhorkeehis": he let you down bit by bit hanging from a rope (I saw so)


===Evidentiality===
Evidential prefixes are the simplest part of the Metin verb. They indicate how the speaker knows about what they're talking about. They have only two forms, one for if they are followed by lexical prefixes and one if they are not.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|Saw/heard directly
! scope="col"|Saw/heard unclearly
! scope="col"|heard
! scope="col"|felt/smelled/ tasted
! scope="col"|






==Verbs==
Recording
! scope="col"|Hearsay/literature
! scope="col"|Inference
! scope="col"|Hope
|-
! scope="row"|Followed by lexical prefix
|im
|om
|iq
|oq
|il
|ol
|Az
|eS
|-
! scope="row"|Followed by something else
|iem
|uom
|ieq
|uoq
|iel
|uol
|ooz
|ioS
|}
Examples of usage: iemïdheu: he/she's climbing (I see him climbing) vs. imhaadheu: he/she's climbing up (I see him)
 
uoqïdheu: he/she's climbing (someone told me/ I read it) oqhaadheu: he/she's climbing up (someone told me/ I read it)
===Lexical prefixes===
Lexical prefixes are a large and varied group. Some, like "ha" and "fu", indicate direction of motion. "syija" indicates that a string or rope was somehow involved. "ma" is used in subjunctive clauses to mean "if" There is no strict limit on the number of lexical prefixes a verb may have, allthough it is rare for there to be more than 3. The lexical prefixes are ordered roughly like this.
 
direction>instrument>posture>time
 
fu-syija-txë-łi-  huhedheu
 
down-with rope-entire body-long time    climbed(refexive)
 
He climbed down slowly with a rope a while ago.
==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Metin"