Tevrés: Difference between revisions

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==== Direct-genitive ====
==== Direct-genitive ====
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:Genitive case|genitive]] case is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the direct verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:Genitive case|genitive]] case is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the nominative verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.


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|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}


It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it acts as an [[w:Absolutive case|absolutive case]], marking the patient or direct object when that argument is either the first or second person.  Because Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] and marks 1st and 2nd person patients on verbs in the ergative paradigm these arguments are usually dropped.  However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.
It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of the verb.  Because the ergative paradigm is triggered by a first or second person patient, this role is generally limited to the first and second persons  pronouns.  Furthermore, as Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] these arguments are usually dropped.  However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.


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|'The priest sees me'}}
|'The priest sees me'}}


The absolutive sense of the direct-genitive case is limited primarily to the first and second person pronouns, as their patient status is what triggers the ergative paradigm.  However, there are cases where the absolutive sense might be used by other nouns.  The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.  
There are cases where this might be used by nouns other than the first and second person pronouns.  The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.  


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| You would kill me, the king?}}
| You would kill me, the king?}}


Some argue that this is not a true absolutive, rather a genitive applicative as in Japanese or Ancient Greek.  One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped.  However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an absolutive meaning, as they must agree with the head.  
Some argue that this is not a true appositive, rather a genitive appositive as in Japanese or Ancient Greek.  One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped.  However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an patientive meaning, as they must agree with the head.  


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| You would kill me, who loved you?}}
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}


The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns.  In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''.  Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.  When the direct-genitive is used in this way, it is glossed {{interlinear|GEN}}.  Furthermore, the definite article ''uy'' in these cases is usually reduced in fast speech and pronounced [i].
The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns.  In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''.  Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.


Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions.  The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object.  Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.
Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions.  The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object.  Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.
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