User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Ancient: Difference between revisions

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The following verb forms lost their productivity:
The following verb forms lost their productivity:
*emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a''
*emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a''
*jussive (only survives in ''hayō'' 'to be')
*jussive (only survives in ''hajō'' 'to be')
*infinitive absolute
*infinitive absolute


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| ''waθθesmur''
| ''waθθesmur''
| ''waθθesmurī''
| ''waθθesmurī''
| ''wayyesmur''
| ''wajjesmur''
| ''waθθesmur''
| ''waθθesmur''
| ''wannesmur''
| ''wannesmur''
| ''waθθesmurȳ''
| ''waθθesmurȳ''
| ''waθθesmurna''
| ''waθθesmurna''
| ''wayyesmurȳ''
| ''wajjesmurȳ''
| ''waθθesmurna''
| ''waθθesmurna''
|-
|-
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| ''θesmur''
| ''θesmur''
| ''θesmurī''
| ''θesmurī''
| ''yesmur''
| ''jesmur''
| ''θesmur''
| ''θesmur''
| ''nesmur''
| ''nesmur''
| ''θesmurȳ''
| ''θesmurȳ''
| ''θesmurna''
| ''θesmurna''
| ''yesmurȳ''
| ''jesmurȳ''
| ''θesmurna''
| ''θesmurna''
|-
|-
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| ''waθθixxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδibī''
| ''waθθixxaδibī''
| ''wayyixxaδib''
| ''wajjixxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδib''
| ''wannixxaδib''
| ''wannixxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδibȳ''
| ''waθθixxaδibȳ''
| ''waθθixxaδibna''
| ''waθθixxaδibna''
| ''wayyixxaδibȳ''
| ''wajjixxaδibȳ''
| ''waθθixxaδibna''
| ''waθθixxaδibna''
|-
|-
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| ''θixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδibī''
| ''θixxaδibī''
| ''yixxaδib''
| ''jixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδib''
| ''nixxaδib''
| ''nixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδibȳ''
| ''θixxaδibȳ''
| ''θixxaδibna''
| ''θixxaδibna''
| ''yixxaδibȳ''
| ''jixxaδibȳ''
| ''θixxaδibna''
| ''θixxaδibna''
|-
|-
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| ''waθθagattil''
| ''waθθagattil''
| ''waθθagattilī''
| ''waθθagattilī''
| ''wayyagattil''
| ''wajjagattil''
| ''waθθagattil''
| ''waθθagattil''
| ''wannagattil''
| ''wannagattil''
| ''waθθagattilȳ''
| ''waθθagattilȳ''
| ''waθθagattelna''
| ''waθθagattelna''
| ''wayyagattilȳ''
| ''wajjagattilȳ''
| ''waθθagattelna''
| ''waθθagattelna''
|-
|-
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| ''θagattil''
| ''θagattil''
| ''θagattilī''
| ''θagattilī''
| ''yagattil''
| ''jagattil''
| ''θagattil''
| ''θagattil''
| ''nagattil''
| ''nagattil''
| ''θagattilȳ''
| ''θagattilȳ''
| ''θagattelna''
| ''θagattelna''
| ''yagattilȳ''
| ''jagattilȳ''
| ''θagattelna''
| ''θagattelna''
|-
|-
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| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''waθθabdīlī''
| ''waθθabdīlī''
| ''wayyabdīl''
| ''wajjabdīl''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''wannabdīl''
| ''wannabdīl''
| ''waθθabdīlȳ''
| ''waθθabdīlȳ''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''wayyabdīlȳ''
| ''wajjabdīlȳ''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''waθθabdelna''
|-
|-
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| ''θabdīl''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''θabdīlī''
| ''θabdīlī''
| ''yabdīl''
| ''jabdīl''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''nabdīl''
| ''nabdīl''
| ''θabdīlȳ''
| ''θabdīlȳ''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''yabdīlȳ''
| ''jabdīlȳ''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''θabdelna''
|-
|-
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| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| ''wayyiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimȳ''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimȳ''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| ''wayyiθnaᴋᴋimȳ''
| ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋimȳ''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
|-
|-
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| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| ''yiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''jiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''niθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''niθnaᴋᴋim''
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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
*yūδ = direct object marker
*jūδ = direct object marker
*li- = to, for, of
*li- = to, for, of
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
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*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
*wēn = without
*wēn = without
*ya3n = because of
*jaȝn = because of


===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
*xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
*xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
*ya3n = because
*ja3n = because
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ancient Cubrite syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
Ancient Cubrite syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
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===Tense constructions===
===Tense constructions===
Ancient Cubrite preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
Ancient Cubrite preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
*Pluperfect: ''hayō'' or ''wayyê'' + perfect
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
*Past imperfect: ''hayō'' or ''wayyê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
*Past imperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
*Present: imperfect or waw-stative
*Present: imperfect or waw-stative
*Future imperfective: ''yî'' or ''wōyō'' + imperfect  
*Future imperfective: ''jî'' or ''wājō'' + imperfect  
*Future perfective: ''wōyō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahayō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
*Future perfective: ''wājō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahajō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
*As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent.
*As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent.


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Hypothetical example:  
Hypothetical example:  
:'''''wayyê vaȝm waθθê lōħamō, pūdīγō smô. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋō, hinni hajōδō rū-ħūljaδ hōbō.'''''  
:'''''wayyê vaȝm waθθê lōħamō, pūdīγō smô. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋō, hinni hajōδō rū-ħūljaδ hābō.'''''  
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''


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