Proto-Dynic: Difference between revisions
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==== Auxiliary verbs ==== | ==== Auxiliary verbs ==== | ||
;'''''*dəsu''''' | ;'''''*dəsu''''' | ||
:(''perfective aspect • emphatic'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. | :(''perfective aspect • emphatic'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Generally used for voluntarily concluded action or states. | ||
;'''''*dəiarusu''''' | ;'''''*dəiarusu''''' | ||
:(''perfective aspect • continuing importance'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Formed of ''*dəsu'' + the copula ''*arusu''. | :(''perfective aspect • continuing importance'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Formed of ''*dəsu'' + the copula ''*arusu''. | ||
;'''''*nusu''''' | ;'''''*nusu''''' | ||
:(''negative'') Attaches to the irrealis form of a verb. Irregular stem; ''*n-'' in the irrealis, infinitive, conclusive, and imperative and ''*s-'' adnominal and realis | :(''negative'') Attaches to the irrealis form of a verb. Irregular stem; ''*n-'' in the irrealis, infinitive, conclusive, and imperative and ''*s-'' adnominal and realis. | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| daŋʷáe -nusu | |||
| sing.IRR -NEG.CONCL | |||
| 'They do not sing'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| daŋʷáe -su | |||
| sing.IRR -NEG.ADN | |||
| 'The one(s) that do not sing'}} | |||
;'''''*nəsu''''' | ;'''''*nəsu''''' | ||
:(''perfective aspect • emphatic'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. | :(''perfective aspect • emphatic'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Generally used to express natural states or actions. | ||
;'''''*kusu''''' | ;'''''*kusu''''' | ||
:(''past tense'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Irregular stem; ''*k-'' in the irrealis, infinitive, conclusive, and imperative and ''*ŋ-'' adnominal and realis; e.g. ''*daŋʷáikusu'' ('they sang') vs. ''*daŋʷáiŋu'' ('the one(s) that sang'). | :(''past tense'') Attaches to the infinitive form of a verb. Irregular stem; ''*k-'' in the irrealis, infinitive, conclusive, and imperative and ''*ŋ-'' adnominal and realis; e.g. ''*daŋʷáikusu'' ('they sang') vs. ''*daŋʷáiŋu'' ('the one(s) that sang'). | ||