Ash: Difference between revisions

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|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]]

|name = Ash

|nativename = ''ảhga''

|nativename = {{ash|ảhga}}

|pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqə]

|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]]

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==Introduction==

'''Ash''' (''ảhga'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqə]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ảhba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives.

'''Ash''' ({{ash|ảhga}}, lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqə]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] ({{ash|ảhba}}). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives.

The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV.

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{| class="wikitable"

| a

| {{ash|a}}

| ı

| {{ash|ı}}

| e

| {{ash|e}}

| y

| {{ash|y}}

| o

| {{ash|o}}

| w

| {{ash|w}}

| b

| {{ash|b}}

| d

| {{ash|d}}

| g

| {{ash|g}}

| l

| {{ash|l}}

| s

| {{ash|s}}

| h

| {{ash|h}}

| m

| {{ash|m}}

| n

| {{ash|n}}

| ŋ

| {{ash|ŋ}}

|}

Tilde (e.g. ~~'''~~ã~~'''~~) is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. ~~'''~~ả~~'''~~) denotes a word-initial glottal.

Tilde (e.g. {{ash|ã}}) is used to mark nasalisation, doubly wide (e.g. {{ash|a͠a}}) on long vowels and diphthongs. Hook above (e.g. {{ash|ả}}) denotes a word-initial glottal.

An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation:

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| → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwu.wi/}}

| → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}}

| → ''ẻhhoe'' "hungry"

| → {{ash|ẻhhoe}} "hungry"

|}

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====Stems====

Each verb has a set of primary stems formed more or less predictably from a combination of affixes. The first stem, the stative (or active, if there is no stative) indicative, is used as the lemma when citing words, such as ~~''oada''~~ "to shine", also a good example of the versatile morphophonology:

Each verb has a set of primary stems formed more or less predictably from a combination of affixes. The first stem, the stative (or active, if there is no stative) indicative, is used as the lemma when citing words, such as {{ash|oa}} "to shine", also a good example of the versatile morphophonology:

{| class="wikitable"

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|-

! Indicative

| '''''oa'''''

| {{ash|'''oa'''}}

| ''oahda''

| {{ash|oahda}}

| ''oadna''

| {{ash|oadna}}

| ''oasda''

| {{ash|oasda}}

|-

! Optative

| ''oae''

| {{ash|oae}}

| ''oadse''

| {{ash|oadse}}

| ''oadne''

| {{ash|oadne}}

| ''oasde''

| {{ash|oasde}}

|}

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====Derived verbs====

Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-y-'' or the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs). These are some of the words derived from ''oo'' "consume":

Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative {{ash|-y-}} or the frequentative {{ash|-(d)s-}}, which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs). These are some of the words derived from {{ash|oo}} "consume":

{| class="wikitable"

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! Frequentative

|-

| '''''oo'''''

| {{ash|'''oo'''}}

| ''oyya''

| {{ash|oyya}}

| ''odsa''

| {{ash|odsa}}

|}

===Nominals===

Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ~~''mõõ''~~ "head; hair", an inalienably possessed nominal:

Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix {{ash|n-}} can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of {{ash|mo͠o}} "head; hair", an inalienably possessed nominal:

{| class="wikitable"

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! Distal

|-

| ~~''ımmõõ''~~

| {{ash|ĩbmo͠o}}

| ~~''emmõõ''~~

| {{ash|ẽbmo͠o}}

| ~~''ommõõ''~~

| {{ash|õbmo͠o}}

|}

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|-

! Locative

| ''-la'', ''-da''

| {{ash|-la}}, {{ash|-da}}

| ''-s''

| {{ash|-s}}

| ''ınsooda'' "where they live; by the house; at home"

| {{ash|ınsooda}} "where they live; by the house; at home"

|-

! Durative

| ''-ga'', ''-ya''

| {{ash|-ga}}, {{ash|-ya}}

| ''-h''

| {{ash|-h}}

| ''oadnah'' "when it gets bright; in the morning"

| {{ash|oadnah}} "when it gets bright; in the morning"

|-

! Benefactive

| ''-ba'', ''-wa''

| {{ash|-ba}}, {{ash|-wa}}

| ''-o''

| {{ash|-o}}

| ''eahba'' "in order to see"

| {{ash|eahba}} "in order to see"

|-

! Semblative

| ''-ya''

| {{ash|-ya}}

| ''-e''

| {{ash|-e}}

| ''ảyya'' "sea-like; blue; green"

| {{ash|ảyya}} "sea-like; blue; green"

|}

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|-

! Proximal

| ''e-''

| {{ash|e-}}

|-

! Distal

| ''o-''

| {{ash|o-}}

|}

Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa''. In verbs with some form of agency marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ả-'' becomes ''ẻ-''.

Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals {{ash|ea}} and {{ash|oa}}. In verbs with some form of agency marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. {{ash|*e-ả-}} becomes {{ash|ẻ-}}.

===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===

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In simple statements the assertor defaults to the speaker (i.e. first person) but in questions to the addressee (second person). In reported speech the assertor defaults to the source of the quote and may therefore also take on a third person role. First and second person roles are associated with proximal deixis while third person is associated with distal deixis or an explicit nominal.

Conjunct is marked by the suffix ''-s'' and disjunct is unmarked.

Conjunct is marked by the suffix {{ash|-s}} and disjunct is unmarked.

====Simple intransitives====

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|-

! Conjunct

| ''(ea go) emeas'' "I am warm"

| {{ash|(ea go) emeas}} "I am warm"

| -

| ''(ea go) emeas no'' "are you warm?"

| {{ash|(ea go) emeas no}} "are you warm?"

| -

|-

! Disjunct

| ''(ea go) emea'' "you are warm"

| {{ash|(ea go) emea}} "you are warm"

| ''(oa go) emea'' "they are warm"

| {{ash|(oa go) emea}} "they are warm"

| ''(ea go) emea no'' "am I warm?"

| {{ash|(ea go) emea no}} "am I warm?"

| ''(oa go) emea no'' "are they warm?"

| {{ash|(oa go) emea no}} "are they warm?"

|}

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|-

! Conjunct

| ''(ea go) ~~ẻhwea~~s yo'' "I look at you"

| {{ash|(ea go) ẻhheas yo}} "I look at you"

| ''(ea go) ẻsseas yo'' "you look at me"

| {{ash|(ea go) ẻsseas yo}} "you look at me"

| ''(oa go) ~~ẻhwea~~s yo'' "I look at them"

| {{ash|(oa go) ẻhheas yo}} "I look at them"

| ''(oa go) ẻsseas yo'' "they look at me"

| {{ash|(oa go) ẻsseas yo}} "they look at me"

|-

! Disjunct

| ''(ea go) ~~ẻhwea~~ yo'' "you look at them"

| {{ash|(ea go) ẻhhea yo}} "you look at them"

| ''(ea go) ẻssea yo'' "they look at you"

| {{ash|(ea go) ẻssea yo}} "they look at you"

| ''(oa go) ~~ẻhwea~~ yo'' "they1 look at them2"

| {{ash|(oa go) ẻhhea yo}} "they1 look at them2"

| ''(oa go) ẻssea yo'' "they2 look at them1"

| {{ash|(oa go) ẻssea yo}} "they2 look at them1"

|}

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|-

! Conjunct target

| ''(ea go) emeas (ea go) ogaas yo'' "I said I am warm"

| {{ash|(ea go) emeas (ea go) ogaas yo}} "I said I am warm"

| ''(ea go) emeas (ea go) ogaa yo'' "you said you are warm"

| {{ash|(ea go) emeas (ea go) ogaa yo}} "you said you are warm"

|-

! Disjunct target

| ''(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaas yo'' "I said you are warm"

| {{ash|(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaas yo}} "I said you are warm"

| ''(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa yo'' "you said I am warm"

| {{ash|(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa yo}} "you said I am warm"

|}

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{{gloss

|phrase=~~emmõõ~~ bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo

|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}}

|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL

|translation=Ao is braiding my hair

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|{{gloss

|phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻhwea ga

|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻhhea ga}}

|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND=REP

|translation=Ao is looking at the dog

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|{{gloss

|phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻssea ga

|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻssea ga}}

|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND=REP

|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog

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|{{gloss

|phrase=~~ẻhweas~~ yo

|phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}}

|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=DECL

|translation=I am looking at them

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|{{gloss

|phrase=ẻsseas e

|phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}}

|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=EXP

|translation=they are looking at me

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|{{gloss

|phrase=oadnah ~~ảyısããs~~ yo

|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảesa͠as yo}}

|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ=DECL

|translation=I wash in the morning

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|{{gloss

|phrase=oadnah ảo ga ~~ảyısãã~~ ma

|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảesa͠a ma}}

|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND=NEG

|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning

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|{{gloss

|phrase=~~emmõõ~~ bo ảhbadsas yo

|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}}

|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL

|translation=you are braiding my hair

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|{{gloss

|phrase=~~emmõõ~~ bo ~~ẻwıbadsas~~ yo

|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻobadsas yo}}

|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL

|translation=I am braiding my hair

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{{gloss

|phrase=ảo ga bahba ỏdsoyya ga

|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏdsoyya ga}}

|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND=REP

|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink

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{{gloss

|phrase=ảo ga bahba mehda odsoyya ga

|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba mehda odsoyya ga}}

|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-CVB:LOC DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND=REP

|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire

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|-

! Animate

| ''bahba go ~~ảhwea~~ yo'' "dogs watch it"

| {{ash|bahba go ảhhea yo}} "dogs watch it"

| ''bahba go ảssea yo'' "dogs are watched"

| {{ash|bahba go ảssea yo}} "dogs are watched"

|-

! Inanimate

| ~~''sãã~~ da ~~ảhwea~~ yo'' "water is watched"

| {{ash|sa͠a da ảhhea yo}} "water is watched"

| ''*~~sãã~~ da ảssea yo'' (ungrammatical)

| {{ash|*sa͠a da ảssea yo}} (ungrammatical)

|}

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|-

! Animate

| ''ảo ga bahba ỏhhea e'' "Ao was looking at the dog"

| {{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏhhea e}} "Ao was looking at the dog"

| ''bahba go ảo ỏssea e'' "it was the dog Ao was looking at"

| {{ash|bahba go ảo ỏssea e}} "it was the dog Ao was looking at"

|-

! Inanimate

| ''ảo ga ~~sãã~~ ỏhyoo e'' "Ao was drinking water"

| {{ash|ảo ga sa͠a ỏhyoo e}} "Ao was drinking water"

| ''~~sãã~~ da ảo ỏhyoo e'' "it was water Ao was drinking"

| {{ash|sa͠a da ảo ỏhyoo e}} "it was water Ao was drinking"

|}

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{{gloss

|phrase=[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]1 [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]2

|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]1 [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]2}}

|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog=TOP:ACT DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]1 [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ=DECL]2

|translation=[today I saw]2 [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]1

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{{gloss

|phrase=osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no

|phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}}

|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ=Q

|translation=have you seen the white dog?

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! Desiderative

|-

| ''ebadsa yo'' "(really) weaving"

| {{ash|ebadsa yo}} "(really) weaving"

| ''ebadsa'' "weaving"

| {{ash|ebadsa}} "weaving"

| ''ebadsa ma'' "not weaving"

| {{ash|ebadsa ma}} "not weaving"

| ''ebadse sa'' "hopefully weaving"

| {{ash|ebadse sa}} "hopefully weaving"

|}

====Evidentiality====

Reduced forms of some verbs can function as evidential markers, such as ''e'' for direct experience and ''ga'' for hearsay.

Reduced forms of some verbs can function as evidential markers, such as {{ash|e}} for direct experience and {{ash|ga}} for hearsay.

{| class="wikitable"

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! Reportative

|-

| ''ebadsa e'' "(evidently) weaving"

| {{ash|ebadsa e}} "(evidently) weaving"

| ''ebadsa ga'' "(allegedly) weaving"

| {{ash|ebadsa ga}} "(allegedly) weaving"

|}

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! Semantic range

|-

| ''laa''

| {{ash|laa}}

| ''la~~'', ''da''~~

| {{ash|la}}

| :STAT

| General stative (indefinite or permanent)

|-

| ''goo''

| {{ash|goo}}

| ''go~~'', ''ŋo''~~

| {{ash|go}}

| :ACT

| General active (temporary or dynamic)

|-

| ~~''sãã''~~

| {{ash|sa͠a}}

| ''sa''

| {{ash|sa}}

| :LIQ

| Water and other liquids

|-

| ''see''

| {{ash|see}}

| ''se''

| {{ash|se}}

| :AER

| Air and weather

|-

| ''boa''

| {{ash|boa}}

| ''bo''

| {{ash|bo}}

| :CRESC

| Growth (hair, plants et c.)

|-

| ''doo''

| {{ash|doo}}

| ''do''

| {{ash|do}}

| :PART

| Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.)

|-

| ''mea''

| {{ash|mea}}

| ''me''

| {{ash|me}}

| :PYR

| Fire (by extension core or centre)

|-

| ''baa''

| {{ash|baa}}

| ''ba''

| {{ash|ba}}

| :MAN

| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools)

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|{{gloss

|phrase=~~ımmõõ~~ bo

|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o bo}}

|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC

|translation=hair (on the head)

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|{{gloss

|phrase=~~ımmõõ~~ da

|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o da}}

|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT

|translation=head (on the body)

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{{gloss

|phrase=~~emmõõ~~ bo ảo ẻhbadsas

|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}}

|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ

|translation=Ao is braiding my hair

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{{gloss

|phrase=ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e

|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}}

|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.IND=EXP

|translation=Ao and the dog are over there

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|{{gloss

|phrase=ảo sas ~~sãã~~

|phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}}

|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND

|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea

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|{{gloss

|phrase=ảo sas laa

|phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}}

|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND

|translation=(be) by the sea

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===Possession===

Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser ''-~~l''~~ serve to mark the possessor of a possessum.

Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser {{ash|-s}} serve to mark the possessor of a possessum.

{{gloss

|phrase=ảo gas osee go

|phrase={{ash|ảo gas osee go}}

|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS-CVB:LOC breath=TOP:ORAL

|translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao")

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|{{gloss

|phrase=ẻhhodses

|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses}}

|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ

|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry

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|{{gloss

|phrase=ẻhhodses no

|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses no}}

|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q

|translation=perhaps I should eat something

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|{{gloss

|phrase=bahba go ẻhhodse no

|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}}

|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q

|translation=maybe the dog is hungry

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===Colour terms===

Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mea'' "fire" → ''nayya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ảo'' "sea" → ''ảyya'' "blue; green".

Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as {{ash|mea}} "fire" → {{ash|nayya}} "red; yellow; orange; brown" or {{ash|ảo}} "sea" → {{ash|ảyya}} "blue; green".

{{gloss

|phrase=nayya bahba go

|phrase={{ash|nayya bahba go}}

|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT

|translation=a brown dog

Ash: Difference between revisions

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