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Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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*''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | *''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | ||
**Ae: ae = æ and óe = ø | |||
*''F'': fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h'' as well as affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh'' | *''F'': fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h'' as well as affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh'' | ||
*''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | *''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
| (o)f || ( | | (o)f || (ø)fo || (e)v || (ø)vø | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
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*'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitelai nae su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.) | *'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitelai nae su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.) | ||
Self-pronoun ''ru'' for reflexive: ''telón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (they are dancing by themself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (they are dancing with them) | |||
*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatépan'' (I'm dancing by myself) | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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*"to be": ''luwi doth'' "a man is beautiful" vs. ''doth luwi'' "a beautiful man" | *"to be": ''luwi doth'' "a man is beautiful" vs. ''doth luwi'' "a beautiful man" | ||
* "to have": all those possessive forms... | * "to have": all those possessive forms... | ||
====Tense==== | |||
In Sceptrian, verbs are conjugated for three tenses: past, present and future. These tenses indicate when an action took place relative to current moment. | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
Gnomic-static is used to indicate general truths (sun rises) and static situations (I can speak English) | |||
Present progressive describes dynamic actions (I'm reading English at the moment). Present inceptive is used when an action is about to begin or someone is starting to do something. | |||
Mixing agent and subject endings... | |||
*PRES retrospective: | |||
**PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tél-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latép-a næ'' (I've danced (myself)) ← intransitive became transitive | |||
*PRES prospective: INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-latép(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while)) | |||
Momentane vs. frequentative derivations; different ways for different stems/categories (make sound, move, | |||
====Conjugation==== | ====Conjugation==== | ||
'''Apophony!''' | |||
*forbidden root vowels & diphthongs: é, ó, i, æ, ø, ei, oi | |||
*First: | |||
**e→é, o→ó, a→æ, u→i | |||
**ai→ei ou→óo | |||
*Second: | |||
**e→ee, o→ø, a→aa, u→uu | |||
**ai→ii, ou→uu | |||
Transitivity, animacy and cases: ''Ónzaiton dothee pof.'' (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).), ''Bousón doth.'' (The man falls.) ''Bouson pof.'' (The feather (ABS) falls.). | |||
*''ónzait'''o'''n dothee pof'' vs. ''ónzaitón dothee su'' (the man is lifting him) | |||
''' | Obs! subject+object (& agent) agreement: ''Zaiton pof. (Ón)bouson dothee pof.'' (A feather rises. A man is dropping a feather.) | ||
* | |||
Who needs conjugation? People in formal situations! --> register! | |||
*Otherwise neither agent prefixes nor 3SG ending, only pronouns/names | |||
=====Root===== | |||
Verbs are given in their 3SG.INAN GNO form which is used to form the third person forms | |||
First and second person singular forms use the first apophony in inceptive and future | |||
First and second plural forms use the second apophony in past | |||
Polite second person forms use the second apophony | |||
=====Derivation===== | |||
From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: table... "similarity", "making", "using" | From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: table... "similarity", "making", "using" | ||
{| class=" | =====Ending===== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+Subject/object suffixes for tense and aspect | |+Subject/object suffixes for tense and aspect | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| est | | est | ||
| lest | | lest | ||
| | | æst | ||
| | | hæst | ||
| ós | | ós | ||
| lós | | lós | ||
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| +ho | | +ho | ||
|} | |} | ||
*initial l is for lateralization and h for aspiration of the final | *initial l in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive | ||
*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant | **''s'' and ''z'' turn into ''sl'' and ''zh'' respectively | ||
**''f'' & ''v'' → ''fl'' & ''w'' | |||
**''l'' & ''r'' are geminated | |||
**''m'' & ''n'' → ''ng'' and ''ng'' → ''ńg'' | |||
* initial h is for aspiration of the final plosive. | |||
**''s'' and ''z'' turn into ''sh'' and ''zh'' | |||
**''f'' & ''v'' are geminated | |||
**''l'' & ''r'' → ''lh'' and ''rh'' | |||
*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | |||
**''r'' → ''qh'', ''l'' → ''ldh'', ''v'' → ''w'' | |||
Agent prefixes are used | Agent prefixes are used mostly in the formal register. | ||
{| class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect | |+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| tse | | tse | ||
| tsle | | tsle | ||
| | | tsæ | ||
| | | tshæ | ||
| tsó | | tsó | ||
| tsló | | tsló | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Negation==== | |||
==== | |||
inflected clitics | |||
*different: "I couldn't do it since I was prohibited" and "I didn't want to do it so I didn't" | |||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
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Some duplication with subjunctive ;) | Some duplication with subjunctive ;) | ||
imperative with apophony of 3SG.INAN GNO form | imperative with apophony of 3SG.INAN GNO form and present inceptive | ||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Sceptrian distinguishes between two voices, active and antipassive. | Sceptrian distinguishes between two voices, active and antipassive. | ||
*Irregularities‽ | *Irregularities‽ | ||
''The following system is under development!'' ( | Reflexive with double conjugation: ''aitélan | ||
'''The following system is under development!''' | |||
History of ABS-ERG - Why Sceptrian has it, but Aoma uses NOM-ACC? | |||
*Passive (~ Aoman 2nd passive... participle form) + causal form: *''Pózaiton pofos dothpe.'' (The feather was lifted by a man.) --> ''<s>p</s>ó'''n'''zaiton doth<s>p</s>e'''e''' pof<s>os</s>.'' | |||
Active construction | Active construction | ||
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Multiple... --> adjectives? | Multiple... --> adjectives? | ||
PRES, PST, FUT active & passive | |||
===Adpositions=== | ===Adpositions=== | ||
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Verbs and adjectives easily from nouns... | Verbs and adjectives easily from nouns... | ||
===Registers=== | |||
Different endings which reflect the conversation situation: speakers, familiarity, formality, location... | |||
Can people with higher status be abstract or do they occupy a special animate category? (æ inside?) | |||
One may use inanimate verb forms as anti-honorific? ''Ondakon nae ka Nithki.'' (I humbly offer this to You) | |||
In casual register, verb forms are chosen differently when the subject is agent-like (he dances) or patient-like (he fell): ''latepóji'' (he danced AN) vs. ''bousoi'' (he fell INAN) | |||
In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo utelink nas'' ("beauty-of.yours un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''utelinken foe na'' (you are making me blind) | |||