Proto-Hlou-Shum: Difference between revisions

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==Sound changes==
#ph, th, ƛh, kh, qh > resp. aspirates
#''*qʰ'' > ''*χ''
#First spirantization:
#''*ʔ=ʔ'' > ''*ʔ''
#:qʰ > χ
#''*kʰ *cʰ *tʰ *pʰ'' > ''*x *ç *θ *ɸ''
#:pʰ > f
#''*ēj'' > ''*ie''
#Radicalization:
#''Pronominal grammaticalization begins''
#:q > ʡ
#''*ie'' often > ''*i'' / _#
#:χ > ħ
#''*c'' > ''*ŧ''
#Assimilation of dentals:
#''*ç *ƶ''
#:ts, ths > ss
#*> (laminal fricatives) > ''*θ *ð''
#:dz, thz > zz > later z
#*> ''*x'' _C[+coronal +plosive/affricate]
#:ƛs > ƛʰ
#''*k'' > ''*x'' / _{''d'', ''t'', ''ŧ''}
#:ƛz > λ
#''*tk'', ''*ck'' ''*tkʰ/kʰ'' > ''*xt'', ''*xŧ'', ''*kθ''
#Some cluster changes:
#''*ɟ'' > ''*ʎ''
#:tk > kt
#''Themsaran rhotacization 1:'' ''*z'' > ''*r'' / V_C[-semivowel, +voiced, ~{/z/}]
#:tp, db, kp, gb > tv, dv, kv, gv (should be earlier than PTal?)
#coronal obstruent + sibilant<sub>i</sub> > sibilant<sub>i</sub>sibilant<sub>i</sub>
#:kt, łt, kþ > xt
#''*oi *ui'' > ''*ȳ''
#:pþ > ps
#''*ou'' > ''*ū''
#:qt > ħt
#''Tonogenesis event:'' ''*=ʔ'' > word-final tonic syllable
#Second spirantization:
#''*tl *dl''
#:tʰ > þ
#*> ''*kl *gl'' / #_
#:kʰ > x
#*> ''*tl *rl'' / V_
#:ƛʰ > ł
#''*u, *w'' > ''*y'' / C_#
#:ʔC > C[+long]
#''*''CC[+resonant]{C, #} > ''*''CyC[+resonant]{C, #}
#C̓ʔ, Ch > Ce usually,
#*Cyı{C, #} > Ci{C, #}
#:mʔ, nʔ, lʔ, rʔ > also mp, nt, lt, rt (especially in function morphemes)
#CC[-resonant]C > CiC[-resonant]C
#:mh, nh, lh, rh > also nf, nþ, lþ, rþ
#''*ıy[ː]'' > ''i[ː]''
#Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsaran?):
#''*mʔ, *nʔ, *lʔ, *rʔ'' > ''*mp, *nt, *lt, *rt''; ''*mh, *nh, *lh, *rh'' > ''*mɸ, *nθ, *lθ, *rθ''
#:ƛ > ŧ /ts/
#''*nr'' > ''*ndr'', ''*lr'' > ''*ldr''
#:ł > þ
#''Verbal tone patterns are established''
#:λ > l, λλ > ld
#''*h''
#:ḽ > ð, ḽḽ > lð
#*> [ː~] / _C[+fricative]
#Rhotacization:
#*> [~ː] / _#
#:z > r / _C[+voiced]
#''*ʔ''
#:dl > rl
#*> [ː~] / _C
#Epenthetic vowels are added:
#*> [~ː] / _#
#:CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.
#''*q *χ'' > ''*ʡ *ħ''
#w > v (a velarized labiodental approximant)
#''*ʁ'' > ''*ʕ'' / unless _C[+voiced] or _V[+close]
#ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > v (a Themsarian-only sound change)
#''*w, *ʁ'' > ''*v''
#ʁ otherwise > ʕ
#''*ʕ'' > ''*ħ''
#Loss of glottal stop:
#*> 0 / otherwise
#*clitic =ʔ becomes final downstep
#''*ʡ''
#*vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
#*> ''ħ'' / _{''*t'', ''*ŧ''}
#*''*a~ > ā''
#C[+radical] > ''a'' / _#
#*''*a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae''
 
#*''*aj, a~ī > ai''
===Diphthongs===
#*''*a~o, *awV(sometimes), *a~u > ao''
Note: ~ denotes ''*ʔ'' or ''*h''
#*''*aw, > au (sometimes)''
 
#*''*e~C > eaC''
*''*a~'' > ''ā''
#*''*ej, *ew, *e~ī > ei''
*''*a~e, *ajV, *a~i'' > ''ae''
#*''*e~u, *e~ū > ju, jū''
*''*aj, *a~ī'' > ''ai''
#*''*ēj > ie''
*''*a~o, *awV (sometimes), *a~u'' > ''ao''
#*''*ē~ > ie (sometimes)''
*''*aw, *aū'' > ''au''
#*''*i~C > ieC''
*''*e~C'' > ''eaC''
#*''*o~C > oaC''
*''*ej, *e~ī'' > ''ei''
#*''*o~i, oj, u~i, uj > ȳ''
*''*ew'' > ''io''
#*''*o~ī > oi''
*''*e~u, *e~ū'' > ''iu, iū''
#*''*ow > ū''
*''*ēj'' > ''ie''
#*''*u~C > uoC''
*''*ē~'' > ''ie'' (sometimes)
#*''*u~ī > ui''
*''*i~C'' > ''ieC''
#ʕ > ħ
*''*o~C'' > ''oaC''
#vv. zz > wv z
*''*o~i, oj, u~i, uj'' > ''ȳ''
#bb, dd, gg > mb, nd, ng
*''*o~ī'' > ''oi''
#also qq ħħ > q ħ, lengthening previous vowel
*''*ow'' > ''ū''
#Loss of word-final radicals:
*''*u~C'' > ''uoC''
C[+radical] > a / _#
*''*u~ī'' > ''ui''
 
[[Category:Diachronics]]
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