Balearic Hebrew: Difference between revisions
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The subjunctive expresses an imagined, possible, or desired action in the past, present, or future. Its time depends on the tense of the main verb. It is used, almost exclusively in subordinate clauses, to express the speaker's opinion or judgment, such as doubts, possibilities, emotions, and events that may or may not occur. It is almost always introduced with the conjunction ''ʔašir''. | The subjunctive expresses an imagined, possible, or desired action in the past, present, or future. Its time depends on the tense of the main verb. It is used, almost exclusively in subordinate clauses, to express the speaker's opinion or judgment, such as doubts, possibilities, emotions, and events that may or may not occur. It is almost always introduced with the conjunction ''ʔašir''. | ||
''' | ===== Uses of the subjunctive ===== | ||
'''Optative subjunctive''' is when a speaker wishes for something to happen in an independent clause. It is introduced with the particle ''nilertsū'', equivalent to "if God shall will it." For example, | |||
"If only I could write!" is the translation of ''nilertsū ʔaktūb''. | |||
'''Jussive subjunctive''' | |||
The jussive subjunctive is essentially a command for a third person party. It is introduced with the word ''ʔašir'' functioning adverbially. For example, "let them write" is the translation of ''ʔašir yīktibū''. | |||
'''Cohortative subjunctive''' | |||
The cohortative subjunctive is essentially a command for a first person party. Like the jussive, it is introduced with the word ''ʔašir'' functioning adverbially. For example, "let us write" is the translation of ''ʔašir nīktūb''. | |||
'''Indirect questions''' | |||
In this type of indirect speech, the verb is typically in the subjunctive, though it can be in the indicative if the speaker is sure of the action referred to in the indirect question. All interrogative pronouns can introduce an indirect question in the subjunctive. For example, "I do not know why they are writing" is the translation of ''lodabtī lūmū yīktibū''. | |||
===== Uses with kī ===== | |||
*'''Causal Clauses''': These are clauses introduced by the conjunction ''kī''. There are many types of these clauses, causal and circumstantial being the most common. A causal clause shows purpose. Often, these are infinitives in English. | |||
= "He built the city so that he would rule" | = "He built the city so that he would rule" | ||
*''' | *'''Circumstantial Clauses''': This type of clause offers a description of events at the time of the main verb. These differ from normal temporal clauses (indicated by an infinitive typically) since circumstantial clauses offer more than time-related information about the action of the main clause. | ||
= "When Pompeii was destroyed, many people fled on boats" | = "When Pompeii was destroyed, many people fled on boats" | ||
===== Conditions ===== | |||
Conditions in Balearic Hebrew indicate statements about facts, potentiality, or complete contra-reality. They are always introduced with the particle ''ʔīn.'' Here is an outline of the different conditions possible in Balearic Hebrew: | |||
'''Logical and General Conditions''' that refer to facts in the present. The ''if'' clause is in the present indicative, and the ''then'' clause is in the present: | |||
= "If you like cats, then you are smart" | |||
'''Future''' '''conditions''' that imagine events yet to come. The ''if'' clause is in the subjunctive'','' while the ''then'' clause is in the imperative or present indicative: | |||
= "If you (will) go to school, you will learn" | |||
'''Contrafactual conditions''' that refer to the present or past and clearly imply that the outcome did not happen because of an unfulfilled condition. The ''if'' clause is in the subjunctive, and the ''then'' clause is in subjunctive as well. | |||
= "If he were living, you would hear him" | |||
There is no aspectual distinction in these conditions in Balearic Hebrew, but approximations can be made with adverbs. For example, saying "If you had run, you would have been tired," is equivalent to saying "If you ran, you would be tired." | |||
Another category of conditional clauses have to do with comparison. These are equivalent to English "as if," in the sentence "I walk '''as if''' I were blind." In these clauses, the clause introduced with ''as if'' is in the subjunctive, while the other can be present or preterite indicative. | |||
==== The Imperative ==== | ==== The Imperative ==== | ||