User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
== Phonology ==
===Phonemic Inventory===
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
=== Inventory ===
! colspan="5"| Consonants
 
|-
==== Consonants ====
! style="width: 100px; "|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 60px; " |Labial
! style="width: 80px;" |
! style="width: 60px; " |Coronal
! style="width: 60px;" |Labial
! style="width: 60px; " |Dorsal
! style="width: 60px;" |Coronal
! style="width: 60px; " |Glottal
! style="width: 60px;" |Dorsal
! style="width: 60px;" |Glottal
|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
| m
|m
| n
|n
| [ŋ]
|
| [ɴ]
|
|-
|-
!Stop
!Stop
| p
|p
| t
|t
| k
|k
| [ʔ]
|
|-
|-
!Fricative
!Fricative
| f β
|f β
| s ð
|s ð
| ɣ
|ɣ
| h [ɦ]
|h
|-
|-
!Approximant
!Flap
|  
|
| j
|ɾ
|  
|
|  
|
|-
|-
!Flap or tap
!Lateral
|  
|
| ɾ
|l
|  
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral app.
|
| l
|
|
|-
|}
|}


Consonants between brackets are only allophonic.
==== Vowels ====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
===Vowel Inventory===
! style="width: 80px;" |
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
! style="width: 60px;" |Front
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
! style="width: 60px;" |Central
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"|  
! style="width: 60px;" |Back
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
|-
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
!Close
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
|i iː
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
|
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|u uː
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
!Mid
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
|e eː
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|ə̥
|o oː
|-
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
!Open
 
|a aː
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
|
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
|
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
|}
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>


<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
=== Phonotactics ===
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>


<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
==== Syllable structure ====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
(C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
* C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
* C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
* V: Any vowel


<!-- MID VOWELS -->
==== Consonant Clusters ====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e</div>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə̥</div>
! style="width: 30px;" |
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o</div>
! style="width: 30px;" |pɾ
 
! style="width: 30px;" |tɾ
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
! style="width: 30px;" |kɾ
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |βɾ
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |ðɾ
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣɾ
 
! style="width: 30px;" |m
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
! style="width: 30px;" |p
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |t
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |k
 
! style="width: 30px;" |f
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
! style="width: 30px;" |h
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
! style="width: 30px;" |β
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |ð
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣ
|}
! style="width: 30px;" |n
</div></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |s
|-
! style="width: 30px;" |ɾ
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
! style="width: 30px;" |l
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
!n
|npɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|nβɾ
|nðɾ
|nɣɾ
|nm
|np
|nt
|nk
|nf
|nh
|nβ
|nð
|nɣ
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ns
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
!s
|spɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|sβɾ
|sðɾ
|sɣɾ
|sm
|sp
|st
|sk
|sf
|sh
|sβ
|sð
|sɣ
|sn
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|sl
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
!ɾ
|ɾpɾ
|ɾtɾ
|ɾkɾ
|ɾβɾ
|ɾðɾ
|ɾɣɾ
|ɾm
|ɾp
|ɾt
|ɾk
|ɾf
|ɾh
|ɾβ
|ɾð
|ɾɣ
|ɾn
|ɾs
|ɾɾ
|ɾl
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
!l
|lpɾ
|ltɾ
|lkɾ
|lβɾ
|lðɾ
|lɣɾ
|lm
|lp
|lt
|lk
|lf
|lh
|lβ
|lð
|lɣ
|ln
|ls
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>


===Syllable Structure===
=== '''Stress''' ===
(C<sub>1</sub>)(j)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
*C<sub>1</sub>: a consonant
*C<sub>2</sub>: one of /ɾ l s n/
*V: a vowel
''Clusters formed between ''/ɾ l s n/'' are forbidden with the exception of'' /ɾs ls ns/


===Allophony===
=== Allophony ===
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants
* Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
* [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
* [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
* [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
* [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
* [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
* [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
* [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]
== Ortography ==


==Orthography==
=== '''Script''' ===


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; width: 160px;"
=== Romanization ===
! colspan="2"| Romanization
 
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" |Phoneme
! style="width: 80px;" |Phoneme
! style="width: 80px;" |Grapheme
! style="width: 80px;" |Grapheme
|-
| colspan="2"| Consonants
|-
|-
|m
|m
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|l
|l
|l
|l
|-
| colspan="2"| Vowels
|-
|-
|a
|a
Line 196: Line 264:
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Nouns==
== Morphology ==


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
=== Verbs ===
|+'''Affixes'''
 
==== Tense/Aspect ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix
!Tense / Aspect
!Alternative
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Function
|None
|
|None
|
|Gnomic
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Past
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Past perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Past retrospective
|Distant past
|-
|Present
|
|Past continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Past prospective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Present
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Present perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Present retrospective
|Near past
|-
|Present
|
|Present continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Present prospective
|Near future
|-
| rowspan="4" |Future
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Future perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Future retrospective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Present
|
|Future continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Future prospective
|Distant future
|}
 
==== Mood ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Type
! colspan="2" |Mood
!Use
!Use
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:60px" | Number
| colspan="2" |Realis
| style="width:100px" | Singulative
|Indicative
| style="width:480px" | Indicates a single instance of a mass noun
|
|Factual statement
|-
| rowspan="9" |Irrealis
| rowspan="3" |Epistemic
|Alethic
|
|States truth or logical necessity
|-
|Potential
|
|States probability of something happening
|-
|Deductive
|
|States something supported by indirect evidence
|-
| rowspan="6" |Deontic
|Desiderative
|
|States internal desire for something
|-
|Expectative
|
|States external desire for something
|-
|Necessitative
|
|States internal necessity for something
|-
|Directive
|
|States external necessity for something
|-
|-
|Plural<br />Plurative
|Capacitative
|Indicates multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|
|States internal ability to do something
|-
|Permissive
|
|States external ability to do something
|}
 
=== Nouns ===
 
==== Case ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Case
!Use
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" | Cases
|Nominative
|Nominative
|Indicates the agent of a verb
|
|Marks the agent of a verb
|-
|-
|Absolutive
|Absolutive
|Indicates the direct object of a verb
|
|Marks the object of a verb
|-
|Dative benefactive
|
|Marks the indirect object of the verb
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|Indicates relationship or possesion
|
|-
|Marks possession of or relation with something
|Dative<br />Benefactive
|Indicates the indirect object of a sentence or the beneficiary of the action
|-
|-
|Instrumental
|Instrumental
|Indicates an instrument or tool used to perform the action
|
|Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
|-
|-
|Comitative
|Comitative
|With something
|
|Mark accompaniment of something
|-
|-
|Abessive
|Privative
|Without something
|
|Marks the lack of company by something
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|Indicates place or time of the action
|
|Marks the location or time of the action
|}
 
==== Number ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Number
!Use
|-
|Singulative
|
|Marks a single object of a mass noun
|-
|Plurative
|
|Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|}
|}
==Verbs==
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
=== Pronouns ===
|+'''Tenses'''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number
! colspan="4" |Case
|-
!NOM
!ABS
!DAT
!GEN
|-
| rowspan="3" |First
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Plural
|Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="3" |Second
! colspan="4"| Second affix
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="width:120px" | None
| rowspan="2" |Plural
! style="width:120px" | Past
|Exclusive
! style="width:120px" | Present
|
! style="width:120px" | Future
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="width:60px" | First<br />affix
|Inclusive
! style="width:60px" | None
|
|Gnomic
|
|Past perfective
|
|Present perfective
|
|Future perfective
|-
| rowspan="2" |Third
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plural
|
|
|
|
|}
 
=== Determiners ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="3" |Demonstrative
!Interrogative
|-
!
!Proximal
!Medial
!Distal
!
|-
|Object
|
|
|
|
|-
|Manner
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Reason
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Location
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Time
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|}
 
==== Quantifiers ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Type
!Use
|-
|Universal
|
|Every option
|-
| rowspan="6" |Existential
|
| rowspan="6" |An unspecified
amount of options
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|-
!Past
|Negatory
|Past perfective
|
|Past retrospective<br />Distant past
|No option
|Past continuous
|Past prospective
|-
|-
!Present
|Elective
|Present perfective
|
|Present retrospective
|Any option
|Present continuous
|Present prospective
|-
|-
!Future
|Alternative
|Future perfective
|
|Future retrospective
|A different option
|Future continuous
|Future prospective<br />Distant future
|}
|}


==Particles==
=== Adjectives and Adverbs ===
==Numbers==
 
==Morphosyntax==
=== Adpositions ===
It's an active-stative language


Main word order is VSO, tends to be head initial.
=== Numerals ===
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5


Relative clauses
=== Derivation ===


[[Category:Conlangs]]
== Syntax ==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.8"