User:Aydın Baykara: Difference between revisions
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== ORTHOGRAPHY == | == ORTHOGRAPHY == | ||
ABCL exploits eight vowels available in | ABCL exploits all eight vowels available in some languages, but without lengthening and lowering them. Besides the common vowels “a, e, i, o, u”, also “ö and ü” (from German for example) and “ı” (ɯ- close back unrounded vowel, which is not common in ABC’s), will be utilized. The letter “ı” is very common in Turkish. It is not difficult in pronunciation at all, even though it seems so for outsiders. Although it doesn’t exist in English ABC, it can be heard very often in daily talks, for example in vocabularies ending with “_tion” like “station”, which would be written in ABCL as “sıteyşın”. The first “ı” may not be distinguished (as in clusters “st”) but the second one is articulated also in English lengthened and stressed. Even though ABCL could abstain theoretically from using it in case of nouns, where we have huge possibility of the word creation without utilization of ”ı” (and others as the consonant “j” for example), in some cases however (like verbs) they are needed for the creation of the sufficient numbers of the words. Close sounds of the vowel “e” (like a-umlaut in German) have been also dismissed. | ||
ABCL uses 20 consonants, however only 18 will be utilized generally. These 18 include also the consonants “ç” and “ş” (English digraphs ch and sh). The “w” has been omitted for sounding very close to “v” and “q” close to “k”. The “j”, itself sounding as in the French word “je”, has been included for marking the questions, numerals and a few adjectives. Besides, this letter may be necessary for the second level of ABCL, if there is a shortage in the creation of CV and VC type ‘two letters’ particles (prepositions/conjunctions and adverbs) in the Level 2. | |||
The last questionable consonant used here seldom (for ordinal numbers only), is “ğ” which sound like “gh” in “though” in English. “X” sounds same as in English and used for negations/ antonyms only, mostly at the end of the word it modifies. Below is the complete table of the spelling pronunciation with other examples. | |||
The last questionable consonant used here seldom ( | |||
== ALPHABET and PRONUNCIATION == | == ALPHABET and PRONUNCIATION == | ||
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ABCL does not rely on the exact pronunciation of the letters. Words are constructed such a way that it is not sensitive to the diversions such as aspect and accenting. But it is essential to stress the vowels in V, VC, CV, VCV, CVC formations and the second vowel in CVCCV and longer formations. | IPA pronunciatios of the letters not existing or different in English are given in brackets. | ||
ABCL as a conlang does not rely on the exact pronunciation of the letters. Words are constructed such a way that it is not sensitive to the diversions such as aspect and accenting. But it is essential to stress the vowels in V, VC, CV, VCV, CVC formations and the second vowel in CVCCV and longer formations. | |||
== VOCABULARY, LEXICON, WORD FORMATION/DERIVATION == | == VOCABULARY, LEXICON, WORD FORMATION/DERIVATION == | ||
Words are created according to the following scheme: | Words are created according to the following scheme: | ||
Nouns have the scheme CVCCV, verbs CVC, | Nouns have the scheme CVCCV, verbs CVC, adjectives VCV, the arithmetic numerals (digits 1 to 9) CV, geometric numerals (10, 100, 1000, 10000 …) CVC, adverbs VC, conjunctives and prepositions CV. Pronouns have V and VCV respectively. In case a scheme is used for more than one category (as VCV), certain vowels or consonants are allocated to one class only so that a mix up can be avoided. (e.g. for the adjectives VCV, the first vowels are “a, e o, ö, u, ü”; for the pronouns “i”.) Number of letters for each category is chosen considering the possible combinations in creation of the required number of a lexical category. (e.g. although for nouns (with CVCCV), combinations over 500 000 may be required and can be created theoretically; for the verbs, three letters CVC may cover the required range of about four thousand). | ||
ABCL lexicon (ABCL- English) has been prepared in form of an Excel file, separated in groups of lexical categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction and preposition, pronoun, derived nouns | ABCL lexicon (ABCL- English) has been prepared in form of an Excel file, separated in groups of lexical categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction and preposition, pronoun. Additionally, tables for derived nouns, derived adjectives, verbs and adverbs indicating the derivation suffixes and many examples have been created. Also tables showing the affixes for inflections, conjugations and declensions have been placed at relevant capitals. | ||
Word formation/creation by the derivation between verb-noun-adjective-adverbs has been done with the help of the suffixes. Suffixes are selected for each logically defined group separately. They have been explained in the following with examples for each type of the syntactic category separately. ABCL has about 3800 root nouns (including 3000 most common nouns of English listed by Britannica Dictionary), 1600 root verbs, 600 adjectives, over | The category “noun” consists of 19 noun classes, each of them placed in a separate Excel page. Further details have been explained under the related title “NOUN” below. Verbs are separated also in classes, similar to nouns, placed under one Excel page, which includes also rules for the derived verbs separately. Similarly, to each other category, an Excel page has been allocated. A word can be searched using the “search” function of Excel in both directions. A direct visual search is also possible, if the correct class of the word can be judged before, while looking in the relevant page and under the corresponding subtitle. | ||
Word formation/creation by the derivation between verb-noun-adjective-adverbs has been done with the help of the suffixes. Suffixes are selected for each logically defined group separately. They have been explained in the following with examples for each type of the syntactic category separately. ABCL has about 3800 root nouns (including 3000 most common nouns of English listed by Britannica Dictionary), 1600 root verbs, 600 adjectives, over 120 adverbs, 120 conjunctions/prepositions and 55 pronouns defined in English translation. With some defined derivations the vocabulary has almost seven thousand words, which is considered sufficient for the daily use of World languages. | |||
As explained below for individual cases the word creation system of ABCL is able to create huge number of the root words additionally. Nevertheless, with the help of the created rules for word derivations, one will be able to find a word which he needs to express himself easily. Thus, we can estimate the vocabulary of ABCL at this stage already about 8000 to 10000 words. | |||
== NOUNS of ABCL == | == NOUNS of ABCL == | ||
=== BASIC/ROOT NOUNS === | === BASIC/ROOT NOUNS === | ||
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Verbs are transitive, intransitive and also both even though identical in writing (and speaking as in English). A transitive verb in one language may be intransitive in another language. Because English includes many such verbs, for the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL needed two different verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity. | Verbs are transitive, intransitive and also both even though identical in writing (and speaking as in English). A transitive verb in one language may be intransitive in another language. Because English includes many such verbs, for the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL needed two different verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity. | ||
Thus, the ergative mood has been introduced with the suffix “_t” after the intransitive verb to make it “transitive”. Accordingly, a verb defined in ABCL lexicon is intrinsically intransitive, if it is not clearly transitive by its own inherent sense. Therefore the lexicon does not contain transitive verbs which can be flexed with the suffix “_t” from the intransitive verb except those used very frequently. With other words, if one search the lexicon for the ABCL translation of an English verb, the counterpart verb will be | Thus, the ergative mood has been introduced with the suffix “_t” after the intransitive verb to make it “transitive”. Accordingly, a verb defined in ABCL lexicon is intrinsically intransitive, if it is not clearly transitive by its own inherent sense. Therefore the lexicon does not contain transitive verbs which can be flexed with the suffix “_t” from the intransitive verb except those used very frequently. With other words, if one search the lexicon for the ABCL translation of an English verb, the counterpart verb will be | ||