Modern Coptic: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Modern Coptic (natively, ''''' | Modern Coptic (natively, '''''ⲙⲧ̀ⲣⲙⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ ⲃⲣ̀ⲣⲉ Metremmenkeeme Verre''''' ''[mətrm̩mn̩ˈkeːmə ˈvr̩rə]'') is a revitalized vernacular version of Coptic, made to be a lingua franca for all varieties. | ||
The language is written formally using the Coptic alphabet, however, since modern times a phonetic transliteration into the Latin Alphabet is preferred by the younger generations | The language is written formally using the Coptic alphabet, however, since modern times a phonetic transliteration into the Latin Alphabet is preferred by the younger generations | ||
Line 75: | Line 75: | ||
* y only occurs in Greek and French borrowings. | * y only occurs in Greek and French borrowings. | ||
* The sequences /əl/, /ər/, /əm/ and /ən/ are pronounced [l̩], [r̩], [m̩] and [n̩]. | * The sequences /əl/, /ər/, /əm/ and /ən/ are pronounced [l̩], [r̩], [m̩] and [n̩]. | ||
* Stress isn't phonemic, but normally occurs in either one of the long vowels (eː and oː) or the (3rd to) last vowel. | * Stress isn't phonemic, but normally occurs in either one of the long vowels (eː and oː) or the (3rd to) last vowel. | ||
* ə normally doesn't bear the stress unless it is the only vowel in a word. | * ə normally doesn't bear the stress unless it is the only vowel in a word. | ||
* Greek borrowings normally bear the stress 2nd to last instead. | * Greek borrowings normally bear the stress 2nd to last instead. | ||
== Orthography == | |||
Modern Coptic uses mostly the Latin Alphabet, although for formal and religious texts the Coptic Alphabet is preferred | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Latin | |||
!Coptic | |||
!Sound | |||
! colspan="2" |Example | |||
|- | |||
|m | |||
|ⲙ | |||
|m | |||
|ⲙⲟⲩⲉ | |||
|mue | |||
|- | |||
|n | |||
|ⲛ | |||
|n | |||
|ⲗⲉ̀ϭⲟⲛ | |||
|lékjon | |||
|- | |||
|l | |||
|ⲗ | |||
|l | |||
|ⲗⲁⲃⲟⲧⲉ | |||
|lavote | |||
|- | |||
|r | |||
|ⲣ | |||
|r | |||
|ⲣⲣⲟ | |||
|erro | |||
|- | |||
|f | |||
|ϥ | |||
|f | |||
|ϥⲛⲧ | |||
|fent | |||
|- | |||
|s | |||
|ⲥ | |||
|s | |||
|ⲥⲱⲃⲉ | |||
|soove | |||
|- | |||
|x | |||
|ϣ | |||
|ʃ | |||
|ϣⲁϣϥ | |||
|xaxf | |||
|- | |||
|kh | |||
|ϧ | |||
|x | |||
|ⲥⲁϧ | |||
|sakh | |||
|- | |||
|h | |||
|ϩ | |||
|h | |||
|ϩⲗⲗⲟ | |||
|hello | |||
|- | |||
|p | |||
|ⲡ | |||
|p | |||
|ⲡⲣⲱ | |||
|proo | |||
|- | |||
|t | |||
|ⲧ | |||
|t | |||
|ⲧⲟ | |||
|to | |||
|- | |||
|c | |||
|ϫ | |||
|tʃ | |||
|ϫⲓ | |||
|ci | |||
|- | |||
|kj | |||
|ϭ | |||
|c | |||
|ϭⲱⲃⲉ | |||
|kjoove | |||
|- | |||
|k | |||
|ⲕ | |||
|k | |||
|ⲕⲁϣ | |||
|kax | |||
|- | |||
|v | |||
|ⲃ | |||
|β | |||
|ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ | |||
|venipe | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |w | |||
|ⲟⲩ | |||
| rowspan="2" |w | |||
|ⲟⲩⲣ̀ⲧ | |||
|wert | |||
|- | |||
|ⲩ | |||
|ⲥⲛⲁⲩ | |||
|snaw | |||
|- | |||
|j | |||
|ⲓ | |||
|j | |||
|ⲓⲱ | |||
|joo | |||
|- | |||
|ps | |||
|ⲯ | |||
|ps | |||
|psit | |||
|ⲯⲓⲧ | |||
|- | |||
|ks | |||
|ⲝ | |||
|ks | |||
|aksios | |||
|ⲁⲝⲓⲟⲥ | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Latin | |||
!Coptic | |||
!Sound | |||
! colspan="2" |Example | |||
|- | |||
|a | |||
|ⲁ | |||
|a | |||
|ⲁϥ | |||
|af | |||
|- | |||
|eC | |||
|⳿ | |||
|əC | |||
|ⲧ̀ⲃϥ̀ | |||
|etvef | |||
|- | |||
|e | |||
| rowspan="2" |ⲉ | |||
|ə | |||
|ⲥⲁϫⲉ | |||
|sace | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |é | |||
| rowspan="2" |e | |||
|ϣⲉⲙϣⲉ | |||
|xémxe | |||
|- | |||
|ⲉ̀ | |||
|ⲧⲉϣⲉ̀ | |||
|texé | |||
|- | |||
|ee | |||
|ⲏ | |||
|eː | |||
|ⲏⲓ | |||
|eej | |||
|- | |||
|i | |||
|ⲓ | |||
|i | |||
|ⲓⲣⲉ | |||
|ire | |||
|- | |||
|y | |||
|ⲩ | |||
|y | |||
|ⲡⲩⲥⲓⲥ | |||
|pysis | |||
|- | |||
|o | |||
|ⲟ | |||
|o | |||
|ⲟⲓⲕ | |||
|ojk | |||
|- | |||
|oo | |||
|ⲱ | |||
|oː | |||
|ⲱⲛϧ | |||
|oonkh | |||
|- | |||
|u | |||
|ⲟⲩ | |||
|u | |||
|ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ | |||
|unu | |||
|} | |||
* /əl/, /ər/, /əm/ and /ən/ should be written ⲙ̀, ⲛ̀, ⲗ̀ and ⲣ̀ but the accent is removed before another consonant and only used when disambiguating | |||
* əw and əj can't occur, they are normally ew and ej | |||
* ow is written ⲟⲟⲩ (ϩⲟⲟⲩ how) and éj is written ⲉⲉⲓ (ⲥⲉϣⲉⲉⲓ sexéj) | |||
== Morphology == | == Morphology == | ||
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* -t and -se are used for verbal and prepositional objects, in other cases, -i/j and -u/w are used | * -t and -se are used for verbal and prepositional objects, in other cases, -i/j and -u/w are used | ||
* -(e) is more often a null suffix, only actual -e in verbal object suffixes | * -(e) is more often a null suffix, only actual -e in verbal object suffixes | ||
==== Reflexive pronoun ==== | |||
Normally the word hoo is supleted with pronoun suffixes, but since it has an irregular way of suffixing, it's considered its own kind of pronoun | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
!Singular | |||
!Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |1st | |||
|hoo | |||
|hoon | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |2nd | |||
!M | |||
|hook | |||
| rowspan="2" |hoot | |||
|- | |||
!F | |||
|hoote | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |3rd | |||
!M | |||
|hoof | |||
| rowspan="2" |hoow | |||
|- | |||
!F | |||
|hoos | |||
|} | |||
=== Nouns === | === Nouns === | ||
Line 168: | Line 397: | ||
* p(e)- is used for masculine nouns while t(e)- is used for feminine ones | * p(e)- is used for masculine nouns while t(e)- is used for feminine ones | ||
* An epenthetic e is inserted when before a consonant that isn't h, when prefixed with consonants, h elides | * An epenthetic e is inserted when before a consonant that isn't h, when prefixed with consonants, h elides | ||
The | The possessive prefixes are used in place of the definite article: they consist of the definite stem (p- for masculine, t- for feminine, n- for plural) + "é" + pronominal suffix, except in the case of the 1st person singular (pa-, ta-, na-) and the 3rd person plural (pu-, tu-, nu-). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3" | | |||
!Masculine | |||
!Femenine | |||
!Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" |Singular | |||
! colspan="2" |1st | |||
|pa- | |||
|ta- | |||
|na- | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |2nd | |||
!M | |||
|pék- | |||
|ték- | |||
|nék- | |||
|- | |||
!F | |||
|pé- | |||
|té- | |||
|né- | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |3rd | |||
!M | |||
|péf- | |||
|téf- | |||
|néf- | |||
|- | |||
!F | |||
|pés- | |||
|tés- | |||
|nés- | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |Plural | |||
! colspan="2" |1st | |||
|pén- | |||
|tén- | |||
|nén- | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |2nd | |||
|péten- | |||
|téten- | |||
|néten- | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |3rd | |||
|pu- | |||
|tu- | |||
|nu- | |||
|} | |||
=== Verbs === |