Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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(→‎Consonant Harmony: Changed antipassive infixes)
(Mirative verbs added)
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<h2>Verbs / Adjectives</h2>
There is no distinction between adjectives
and verbs in Antarctican. Instead of adjectives like “good”, “bad”, “strong”,
“weak”, there are verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” etc.
<h3>Verb Bases</h3>
Verbs have a root form, from which various
other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are
the mirative base and the normal base. Below is a list of verb roots with their
corresponding mirative and normal bases:
&nbsp;
duolieegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag,
intransitive, root
duoliieju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag,
intransitive, mirative
tùlòoezi /tu&#614;l&#600;&#614;&#720;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, normal
&nbsp;
rèdu /&#641;&#600;du/ - red, root
rèdlu /&#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/ - red,
mirative
rèdù /&#641;&#600;&#614;du&#614;/ - red,
normal
&nbsp;
suekiraeypyi /s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;i/
- to become scraped, root
suekiraeypyu /s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
- to become scraped, mirative
suekiraeypùe /s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#616;&#614;/
- to become scraped, normal
&nbsp;
<h4>Mirative Base</h4>
This is used when the action being
described is something the listener has not previously heard about (<a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirative">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirative</a>).
How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
consonant:
<h5>Final Consonant is Soft</h5>
If the final consonant (not including any
placeless nasal /&#628;/) is soft, infix -iq-/i&#660;/ immediately after it
e.g.
&nbsp;
hlo /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root
hliqo /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform,
mirative
&nbsp;
However, many vowels shift when this
happens e.g.
&nbsp;
qíeypyii /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
to spit out, root
qíeypyiqiiey /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
- to spit out, mirative
&nbsp;
qinyieliie /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
pierce, root
qinyieliqaa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
- to pierce, mirative
&nbsp;
kivieluun /ki&#613;elu&#720;&#628;/ - to
die, root
kivieliqiewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ -
to die, mirative
&nbsp;
These vowel shifts are all in a roughly
anti-clockwise directions around the vowel space. The shifts are listed below:
i /i/ -&gt; ie /e/
ii /i&#720;/ -&gt; iey /ei/
ie /e/ -&gt; a /a/
iie /e&#720;/ -&gt; aa /a&#720;/
a /a/ -&gt; u /u/
aa /a&#720;/ -&gt; uu /u&#720;/
u /u/ -&gt; i /i/
uu /u&#720;/ -&gt; iew /eu/
iey /ei/ -&gt; ay /ai/
iiey /e&#720;i/ -&gt; aay /a&#720;i/
ay /ai/ -&gt; uy /ui/
aay /a&#720;i/ -&gt; uuy /u&#720;i/
uy /ui/ -&gt; ii /i&#720;/
iew /eu/ -&gt; aw /au/
iiew /e&#720;u/ -&gt; aaw /a&#720;u/
aw /au/ -&gt; uow /ou/
aaw /a&#720;u/ -&gt; uuow /o&#720;u/
&nbsp;
<h5>Final Consonant is Hard</h5>
If the final consonant (not including any
placeless nasal /&#628;/) is hard, change it to be soft e.g.
&nbsp;
yuentuoro /j&#616;&#628;to&#641;&#596;/ -
to introduce oneself, root
yuentuolo /j&#616;&#628;tol&#596;/ - to
introduce oneself, mirative
&nbsp;
However, many vowels shift when this
happens e.g.
&nbsp;
nangariew /na&#331;a&#641;eu/ - to flow,
root
nangaluu /na&#331;alu&#720;/ - to flow,
mirative
&nbsp;
fuekirami /f&#616;ki&#641;ami/ - to swell
up, root
fuekiramyu /f&#616;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ - to
swell up, mirative
&nbsp;
qimuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down,
root
qimuepya /&#660;im&#616;p&#690;a/ - to sit
down, mirative
&nbsp;
These vowel changes are often the reverse
of what happens if the final vowel of the stem is a soft consonant. The vowel
shifts are all roughly clockwise around the vowel space, and are listed below:
i /i/ -&gt; u /u/
u /u/ -&gt; a /a/
uu /u&#720;/ -&gt; aa /a&#720;/
a /a/ -&gt; ie /e/
aa /a&#720;/ -&gt; iie /e&#720;/
ie /e/ -&gt; i /i/ * For some words only,
see below.
iie /e&#720;/ -&gt; ii /i&#720;/
ii /i&#720;/ -&gt; uy /ui/
uy /ui/ -&gt; ay /ai/
uuy /u&#720;i/ -&gt; aay /a&#720;i/
ay /ai/ -&gt; iey /ei/
aay /a&#720;i/ -&gt; iiey /e&#720;i/
iey /ei/ -&gt; ii /i&#720;/
iiey /e&#720;i/ -&gt; ii /i&#720;/
uow /ou/ -&gt; aw /au/
uuow /o&#720;u/ -&gt; aaw /a&#720;u/
aw /au/ -&gt; iew /eu/
aaw /a&#720;u/ -&gt; iiew /e&#720;u/
iew /eu/ -&gt; uu /u&#720;/
iiew /e&#720;u/ -&gt; uu /u&#720;/
&nbsp;
<h6>Vowel Phonation Changes</h6>
A few verb stems that end in a hard consonant
and ie /e/ behave differently. If the consonant is a voiced obstruent and the
vowel is short and not followed by -n /&#628;/, then most of the time the
syllable is deleted and breathy voice put onto the preceding syllable(s) e.g.
&nbsp;
nituozie /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root
nitù /nitu&#614;/ - to be fed on, mirative
&nbsp;
The breathy voice “spreads” backwards
through the word, changing vowel phonation with it, until it hits a voiceless
obstruent or prestopped nasal e.g.
&nbsp;
maduozie /madoze/ - to give birth,
intransitive, root
mòetù /m&#604;&#614;tu&#614;/ - to give
birth, intransitive, mirative
&nbsp;
nyiibie /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root
nyùue /&#626;&#616;&#720;&#614;/ - to snow,
mirative
&nbsp;
san-gizie /sa&#628;gize/ - to bleed, root
sòen-gùe /s&#604;&#614;&#628;g&#616;&#614;/
- to bleed, mirative
&nbsp;
However, for a few words, this process
doesn’t happen e.g.
kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root
kadli /kad&#622;i/ - to be windy, mirative
&nbsp;
To understand this seemingly random
phenomenon, we need to go back to the ancestor language, which had a downstep /
pitch accent system similar to Japanese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent. In this language, a sound change occurred, which changed to [&#614;]
all word final sequences of Voiced Soft Obstruent + Low Pitched /i/.
This only affected words with pitch accent
on the non-final syllable i.e. low tone words from tone languages, and words
that came into the language from stress-accent languages like English, Indonesian
and Spanish as long as they did not have stress on the final syllable. Words
without accent (like high tone words from tone languages, “flat” words from
Japanese) as well as words with accent on the final syllable were unaffected.
When Antarctican lost its pitch accent, the
change became unpredictable.
&nbsp;


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