Thangha': Difference between revisions
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(Applicative Voices Done) |
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/ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ naⁿ-kʷəʔˈta/ | /ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ naⁿ-kʷəʔˈta/ | ||
[ | [ˈʁʷɔtːʷʊʔ naŋkʷʊˈtːa] | ||
bone GEN-dog | bone GEN-dog | ||
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/kʷəʔˈta-ɟa ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ/ | /kʷəʔˈta-ɟa ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ/ | ||
[ | [kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ˈʁʷɔtːʷʊʔ] | ||
dog-ERG bone | dog-ERG bone | ||
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This / These: /ˈjəʔɲəʔ/ [jɪʔɲɪʔ] | This / These: /ˈjəʔɲəʔ/ [jɪʔɲɪʔ] | ||
That / Those: /ˈjəʔtʷəʔ/ [ | That / Those: /ˈjəʔtʷəʔ/ [ˈjʏtːʷʊʔ] | ||
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/ˈʔəʔkʷa ʎə-ˈkəʔta ˈkəʔɲəʔ/ | /ˈʔəʔkʷa ʎə-ˈkəʔta ˈkəʔɲəʔ/ | ||
[ | [ˈʔʊkːʷa ʎɪ-ˈkətːa ˈkɪʔɲɪʔ] | ||
1PS.SG.AGT ATEL-bite 3PS.PAT | 1PS.SG.AGT ATEL-bite 3PS.PAT | ||
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/ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | /ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | ||
[ | [ˈʔʊkːʷa mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ] | ||
1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall | 1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall | ||
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! !! Agentive !! Patientive !! Genitive | ! !! Agentive !! Patientive !! Genitive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PS Singular || /ˈʔəʔkʷa/ [ | | 1PS Singular || /ˈʔəʔkʷa/ [ˈʔʊkːʷa] || /ˈʔacəⁿ/ [ˈʔæceⁿ] || /kʷo/ [kʷu] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PS Plural Exclusive || /kaˈmʲəʔ/ [kæˈmʲɪʔ] || /ˈʔəʔmʲəⁿ/ [ˈʔɪʔmʲeⁿ] || /ˈnəʔmʲəⁿ/ [ˈnɪʔmʲeⁿ] | | 1PS Plural Exclusive || /kaˈmʲəʔ/ [kæˈmʲɪʔ] || /ˈʔəʔmʲəⁿ/ [ˈʔɪʔmʲeⁿ] || /ˈnəʔmʲəⁿ/ [ˈnɪʔmʲeⁿ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PS Plural Inclusive || /ˈtəʔxʷa/ [ | | 1PS Plural Inclusive || /ˈtəʔxʷa/ [ˈtʊxːʷa] || /ˈʔəʔtəⁿ/ [ˈʔətːəⁿ] || /ˈnəʔtəⁿ/ [ˈnətːəⁿ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PS Singular || /jəʔˈko/ [ | | 2PS Singular || /jəʔˈko/ [jɪˈkːo] || /jəʔˈxʷo/ [jʏˈxːʷu] ~ [jʏˈɸːu] ~ [jɪˈɸːo] || /mo/ [mo] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PS Plural / Polite || /kaˈxʷo/ [kaˈxʷu] || /jəⁿˈxʷo/ [jøŋˈxʷu] ~ [jømˈɸu] ~ [jemˈɸo] || /ɲəⁿˈxʷo/ [ɲøŋˈxʷu] ~ [ɲømˈɸu] ~ [ɲemˈɸo] | | 2PS Plural / Polite || /kaˈxʷo/ [kaˈxʷu] || /jəⁿˈxʷo/ [jøŋˈxʷu] ~ [jømˈɸu] ~ [jemˈɸo] || /ɲəⁿˈxʷo/ [ɲøŋˈxʷu] ~ [ɲømˈɸu] ~ [ɲemˈɸo] | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The genitive pronouns are used for both alienable and inalienable possession. In both cases, they precede the noun they possess e.g. /kʷo ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ/ [kʷu | The genitive pronouns are used for both alienable and inalienable possession. In both cases, they precede the noun they possess e.g. /kʷo ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ/ [kʷu ˈʁʷɔtːʷʊʔ] - "my bone" (either in my body, or in my possession). | ||
The second person plural pronouns can also be used to refer to a single person, if the speaker desires to express respect to that person. This is similar to French tu vs. vous. | The second person plural pronouns can also be used to refer to a single person, if the speaker desires to express respect to that person. This is similar to French tu vs. vous. | ||
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/kʷəʔˈta-ɟa ʎə-ˈkəʔta ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ/ | /kʷəʔˈta-ɟa ʎə-ˈkəʔta ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ/ | ||
[ | [kʷʊˈtːæ-ɟæ ʎɪ-ˈkətːa ˈʁʷɔtːʷʊʔ] | ||
dog-ERG ATEL-bite bone.ABS | dog-ERG ATEL-bite bone.ABS | ||
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/ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | /ˈʔəʔkʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈɫʷuːʂa/ | ||
[ | [ˈʔʊkːʷa mʲæɲɵʔ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ] | ||
1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall | 1PS.SG.AGT TEL-fall | ||
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The subject of a ditranstive verb takes the ergative case, and both the direct and indirect objects take absolutive case. However, the indirect object is also marked with the prepositional clitic /dəʔ/ e.g. | The subject of a ditranstive verb takes the ergative case, and both the direct and indirect objects take absolutive case. However, the indirect object is also marked with the prepositional clitic /dəʔ/ e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈʔəkːʷa mʲaɲəʔ-ˈdena ˈʀʷəʔtʷəʔ dəʔ=kʷəʔˈta/ | ||
[ˈʔʊkːʷa mʲæɲɪ-ˈdːena ˈʁʷɔtːʷʊʔ | [ˈʔʊkːʷa mʲæɲɪ-ˈdːena ˈʁʷɔtːʷʊʔ dʊkːʷʊˈtːa] | ||
1PS.SG.AGT TEL-give bone DAT=dog | 1PS.SG.AGT TEL-give bone DAT=dog | ||
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/jəʔˈko mʲaⁿma-ˈsuːfəʔ/ | /jəʔˈko mʲaⁿma-ˈsuːfəʔ/ | ||
[ | [jɪˈkːo mʲæmma-ˈsuːfəʔ] | ||
2PS.SG.AGT ANTIP.TEL-rescue | 2PS.SG.AGT ANTIP.TEL-rescue | ||
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/mʲaɲəʔka-ˈɫʷuːʂa ˈʂaⁿsəʔ dəʔ=ˈcçada/ | /mʲaɲəʔka-ˈɫʷuːʂa ˈʂaⁿsəʔ dəʔ=ˈcçada/ | ||
[ | [mʲæɲɪkːɒ-ˈɫʷoːʂɑ ˈʂɑnsəʔ dɪˈcːçæda] | ||
TEL.APPL-fall boss DAT=shepherd | TEL.APPL-fall boss DAT=shepherd | ||