Nurian: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 12 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic palatalization in hard-soft pairs, similar to Lithuanian; however, the Fiuschērian dialect or accent is an exception in that the hard-soft distinction is realized as pharyngealization versus lack of pharygealization. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 12 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic palatalization in hard-soft pairs, similar to Lithuanian; however, the Fiuschērian dialect or accent is an exception in that the hard-soft distinction is realized as pharyngealization versus lack of pharygealization. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
===Accent 1===
===Dagȳne accent===


====Consonants====
====Consonants====
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{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian [Accent 1]'''
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
Line 219: Line 219:
*Unstressed rhotic vowels have a tendency to reduce in colloquial speech: /ʲe˞ ʲæ˞/ > [ʲɚ], /ˠɑ˞ ˠe˞/ > [ˠɚ], /ɔ˞ ʊ˞/ > [o˞].
*Unstressed rhotic vowels have a tendency to reduce in colloquial speech: /ʲe˞ ʲæ˞/ > [ʲɚ], /ˠɑ˞ ˠe˞/ > [ˠɚ], /ɔ˞ ʊ˞/ > [o˞].


===Accent 2===
Mandarin pseudo-gib
*ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ]
*sci = [ʂtʂ]
*ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]
*thi dhi = [ts dz]
*ni ngi > [ɲ]
*li > [ʎ]
*ri > [ʐ]


===Fiuschēra===
Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque)
*Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain
*''o'' and ''ō'' are centralized
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
*Non-rhotic
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Standard Nurian [Accent 2]'''
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Fiuschēra Nurian'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
!rowspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Dental
!rowspan="2" | Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Postvelar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| /m/ || /mʲ/
| /mˁ/ || /m/
|colspan="2"|/n/  
| /nˁ/ ||
|
| || /n/
| /ɲ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋ̠/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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!rowspan="2" | Stop
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| /p/ || /pʲ/
| /pˁ/ || /p/
| /t/  
| /tˁ/ ||
| /ts/
| || /t/
| /tʂ/
| /tʃ/
| /tɕ/
| /k̠/
| /k/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| /b/ || /bʲ/
| /bˁ/ || /b/
| /d/  
| /dˁ/ ||
| /dz/
| || /d/
| /dʐ/
| /dʒ/
| /dʑ/
| /ɡ&#772;/
| /ɡ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| /f/ || /fʲ/
| /fˁ/ || /f/
| /θ/  
|  || /θ/
| /s/  
| /sˁ/ || /s/
| /ʂ/
| /ʃ/
| /ɕ/
| /x~χ/
| /x/
| /ħ/
| /ħ/
| /h/
| /h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| /v/ || /vʲ/
| /vˁ/ ||  
| /ð/  
| || /ð/
| /z/  
| /zˁ/ || /z/
| /ʐ/
| /ʒ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ~ʁ/
| /ɣ/
| /ʕ/
| /ʕ/
|  
|  
Line 299: Line 295:
!colspan=2| Trill
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||  
| ||  
|  
| ||
| /r/
| /rˁ/ || /r/
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 309: Line 304:
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
!<small>central</small>
| /wˁ/ || /w/
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| /j/
|
| /j/  
|
|
|  
|  
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ||
| /l/ ||
| ||
|  
| || l
| /ʎ/
|
|  
|
|  
|
|  
|
|}
|}


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian [Accent 2]'''
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Fiuschēran Nurian'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="3" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="3" style="" |Back
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
|-
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
| /iː/
| /i˞ː/
|  
|  
|  
|  
| /ʊ/
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
| /uː/
|rowspan="2"| /oː˞/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|  
|  
| [eː˞]
| /ə/
| [ə]
| /ɵː/
| /ɚː/
| [ɤ]
| /ɔ/
| [oː]
| /oː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
| [æː]
|
| /a/  
| /ɐ/  
| /aː/
| /aː/
|  
| [ɑ]
| [ɑː]
| [ɑː]
| [ɒː˞]
|}
|}


Many vowels are centralized after retroflexes: /a aː ɝ i iː ɪɚ/ become [ä äː ɐɚ ɨ ɨː ɘɚ]
/ɐɪ ɐʊ iə~iɛ iɚ uɚ ɛɚ ɔɚ ɑɚ/ = /ɐj ɐw iə iə uə ɛə~æə əː ɑə/
 
 
===Accent 2===
Mandarin pseudo-gib
*ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ]
*sci = [ʂtʂ]
*ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]
*thi dhi = [ts dz]
*ni ngi > [ɲ]
*li > [ʎ]
*ri > [ʐ]


===Accent 3===
Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque)
*Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain
*''o'' and ''ō'' are centralized
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
*Non-rhotic
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Fiuschēran Nurian'''
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Standard Nurian [Accent 2]'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!rowspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Postvelar
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| /mˁ/ || /m/
| /m/ || /mʲ/
| /nˁ/ ||
|colspan="2"|/n/  
| || /n/
|  
| /ɲ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ̠/
| /ŋ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 412: Line 403:
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| /pˁ/ || /p/
| /p/ || /pʲ/
| /tˁ/ ||
| /t/  
| || /t/
| /ts/
| /tʃ/
| /tʂ/
| /k̠/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| /bˁ/ || /b/
| /b/ || /bʲ/
| /dˁ/ ||
| /d/  
| || /d/
| /dz/
| /dʒ/
| /dʐ/
| /ɡ&#772;/
| /dʑ/
| /ɡ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 431: Line 424:
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| /fˁ/ || /f/
| /f/ || /fʲ/
|  || /θ/
| /θ/  
| /sˁ/ || /s/
| /s/  
| /ʃ/
| /ʂ/
| /x~χ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /ħ/
| /ħ/
| /h/
| /h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| /vˁ/ ||  
| /v/ || /vʲ/
| || /ð/
| /ð/  
| /zˁ/ || /z/
| /z/  
| /ʒ/
| /ʐ/
| /ɣ~ʁ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
| /ʕ/
| /ʕ/
|  
|  
Line 450: Line 445:
!colspan=2| Trill
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||  
| ||  
| ||
|  
| /rˁ/ || /r/
| /r/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 459: Line 455:
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
!<small>central</small>
| /wˁ/ || /w/
| ||
| ||  
| ||  
| ||
| /j/
|  
|  
|
| /j/
|
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ||
| ||
| /l/ ||
| || l
|  
|
| /ʎ/
|
|  
|
|  
|
|  
|}
|}


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Fiuschēran Nurian'''
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian [Accent 2]'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="3" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
! colspan="3" style="" |Back
|-
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
| /iː/
| /i˞ː/
|  
|  
|  
|  
| /ʊ/
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
| /uː/
|rowspan="2"| /oː˞/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|  
|  
| /ə/
| [eː˞]
| /ɵː/
| [ə]
| [ɤ]
| /ɚː/
| [oː]
| /ɔ/
| /oː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
| [æː]
| /a/  
|
| /ɐ/  
| /aː/
| /aː/
| [ɑ]
|  
| [ɑː]
| [ɑː]
| [ɒː˞]
|}
|}


/ɐɪ ɐʊ iə~iɛ iɚ uɚ ɛɚ ɔɚ ɑɚ/ = /ɐj ɐw iə iə uə ɛə~æə əː ɑə/
Many vowels are centralized after retroflexes: /a aː ɝ i iː ɪɚ/ become [ä äː ɐɚ ɨ ɨː ɘɚ]


===Accent 4===
===Accent 3===
Conservative
Conservative
*ci gi chi ghi = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ]
*''ci gi chi ghi'' = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ]
*sci = [skʲ]
*''sci'' = [skʲ]
*''ȝ ħ'' = [q χ]


===Accent 5===
===Accent 5===
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