Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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| Kämpya || ˈkà̤mpjà || ˈkà̤mpjá || ˈkǎ̤mpjà | | Kämpya || ˈkà̤mpjà || ˈkà̤mpjá || ˈkǎ̤mpjà | ||
|- | |- | ||
| guardian || | | guardian || ˈsʰíʔtà || ˈsʰìʔtá || ˈsʰíʔtà | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sister || | | sister || ˈsʰì̤tà || ˈsʰì̤tá || ˈsʰǐ̤tà | ||
|- | |- | ||
| alone || áˈlâṵn || áˈlàṵn || àˈláṵn | | alone || áˈlâṵn || áˈlàṵn || àˈláṵn | ||
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====Phonation==== | ====Phonation==== | ||
Contrastive phonation developed on stressed vowels depending on the following consonants. Breathy phonation emerged via a sound change where voiceless fricatives were lost after a stressed vowel e.g. / | Contrastive phonation developed on stressed vowels depending on the following consonants. Breathy phonation emerged via a sound change where voiceless fricatives were lost after a stressed vowel e.g. /ˈsʰì̤tà/ - "sister". Glottalised phonation developed whenever there was a voiceless stop after a stressed vowel e.g. /áʔp/ - "rise" (from English "up". In other cases (e.g. when there was a voiced stop after a stressed vowel) the syllable received harsh phonation. | ||
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/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà ˈḛ̂nèm/ | ||
guardian enemy | guardian enemy | ||
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/jéi | /jéi ˈsʰíʔtà/ phonetically [jéiˈsʰíʔtà] | ||
2PS.INTR guardian | 2PS.INTR guardian | ||
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For verbs such as "give", "sell", "send" etc. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditransitive], the normal situation is to have the donor marked in the ergative case in the usual position (i.e before the verb and any postpositional phrases), the theme (whatever is being given / sold etc. to someone) directly after it, and marked with the secundative postposition /-ti/, and the recipient in the absolutive case either after the verb or topicalised at the beginning of the sentence e.g. | For verbs such as "give", "sell", "send" etc. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditransitive], the normal situation is to have the donor marked in the ergative case in the usual position (i.e before the verb and any postpositional phrases), the theme (whatever is being given / sold etc. to someone) directly after it, and marked with the secundative postposition /-ti/, and the recipient in the absolutive case either after the verb or topicalised at the beginning of the sentence e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà=zù bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
guardian=ERG bone=SEC give dog | guardian=ERG bone=SEC give dog | ||
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or | or | ||
/dô̰k | /dô̰k ˈsʰíʔtà=zù wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p/ | ||
dog guardian=ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give | dog guardian=ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give | ||
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The ergative argument can be topicalised in the same way e.g. | The ergative argument can be topicalised in the same way e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
guardian INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | guardian INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
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It is also perfectly possible to put a ditransitive sentence in the antipassive voice e.g. | It is also perfectly possible to put a ditransitive sentence in the antipassive voice e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà bàṵn=tí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/ | ||
guardian bone=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT | guardian bone=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT | ||
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Postpositional phrases usually come after the theme (i.e. whatever takes the secundative case) e.g. | Postpositional phrases usually come after the theme (i.e. whatever takes the secundative case) e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà=zù bàṵn=tí pʰò̤wét=ká gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
guardian=ERG bone=SEC forest=LOC give dog | guardian=ERG bone=SEC forest=LOC give dog | ||
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Immediately after a monophthong with breathy voice (and thus necessarily a vowel in an open syllable that has stress), an inital /t/ in clitics lenites to /ɾ/. For example, the secundative clitic /ti/ becomes /ɾi/ e.g. | Immediately after a monophthong with breathy voice (and thus necessarily a vowel in an open syllable that has stress), an inital /t/ in clitics lenites to /ɾ/. For example, the secundative clitic /ti/ becomes /ɾi/ e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà gwà̤=ɾí gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
guardian grass=SEC give dog | guardian grass=SEC give dog | ||
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Immediately after a monophthong with harsh voice, /t/ also lenites to /ɾ/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "snare" is /n̥ḛ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form /n̥èʔ=ɾí/, as in: | Immediately after a monophthong with harsh voice, /t/ also lenites to /ɾ/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "snare" is /n̥ḛ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form /n̥èʔ=ɾí/, as in: | ||
/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà n̥ḛ̀=ɾí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/ | ||
guardian snare=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT | guardian snare=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT | ||
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Likewise, in ditransitive sentences, the theme (i.e. whatever is given by the donor to the recipient) can also be topicalised by the same process e.g. | Likewise, in ditransitive sentences, the theme (i.e. whatever is given by the donor to the recipient) can also be topicalised by the same process e.g. | ||
/dô̰k | /dô̰k ˈsʰíʔtà=zù wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p/ | ||
dog guardian=ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give | dog guardian=ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give | ||
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becomes | becomes | ||
/bâṵn | /bâṵn ˈsʰíʔtà=zù ˈgḭ̂p=tì ˈdô̰k=àuŋ/ | ||
bone guardian=ERG give=SEC dog=DAT | bone guardian=ERG give=SEC dog=DAT | ||
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Other nouns can be used apart from the 2nd person pronouns e.g. | Other nouns can be used apart from the 2nd person pronouns e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà=zù lét=bíʔtèn nâ̰ dô̰k/ | ||
guardian=ERG NEC=bite.INF PROH dog | guardian=ERG NEC=bite.INF PROH dog | ||
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/ | /ˈsʰíʔtà ˈkèʔ=ɾí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/ | ||
guardian Q.ACC=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT | guardian Q.ACC=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT | ||