Nousuerian: Difference between revisions

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|fam4 = East Scandinavian
|fam4 = East Scandinavian
|fam5 = Continental Scandinavian
|fam5 = Continental Scandinavian
|fam6 = Old Swedish
|ancestor = Old Norse
|fam7 = Modern Swedish
|ancestor2 = Old East Norse
|ancestor3 = Old Swedish
|ancestor4 = Modern Swedish
|creator= --
|creator= --
|setting= Nousueria  
|setting= Nousueria  
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Nouns
 
Adjectives
Adjectives
Verbs
Verbs
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===Nouns===
Nousuerian nouns are divided into common and neuter genders. This division is most commonly expressed in the choice of the indefinite article.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Common !! Neuter
|-
| '''''en''' père'' || '''''et''' buro''
|-
| a father || a desk
|-
| '''''en''' fisk'' || '''''et''' duat
|-
| a fish || a finger
|}
Gender also determines the definite article placed at the end of a word. The form of the definite article depends on the final letter of the noun to which it is attached.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Common/Neuter!! Ends in Consonant !! Ends in Vowel
|-
| Common || '''''-en''''' || '''''-n'''''
|-
| Neuter || '''''-et''''' || '''''-t'''''
|}
Gender is also important for the selection of a plural ending and for the agreement of pronouns, adjectives and past participles.
Example:
*''Èr buro'''t''' gran'''t'''?''  Is the desk big?
*''Ja, '''dèn''' èr gran'''t'''.''  Yes, it is big.
*''Vi èr protetja'''de'''.''  We are protected.
Gender is only partly predictable in Nousuerian. The meaning or form of some nouns may tell us whether we are dealing with a commong or neuter noun. But, in other cases, we cannot predict gender accurately by either form or meaning.
====Common Nouns====
About 75% of Nousuerian nouns are common in gender. This usually includes:
*most nouns denoting living beings
*nouns denoting seasons, festivals & holidays
*nouns ending in ''-ad, -are, -dom, -het, -ing, -ion'' and ''-lek''.
=====Common Declension=====
Common nouns ending in ''en, el, et, and er'' drop the ''-e-'' when the singular definitive ending is added:
*''en serpet'' (a snake) becomes ''serpten'' (the snake)
However, this is not applicable to nouns ending in ''-het''.
*''en kuarahet'' (a belief) become ''kuaraheten'' (the belief)
This is the only irregularity with common nouns in the singular. The plural has slightly different rules governing its formation.
Only the common nouns ending in ''el'' and ''er'' drop their ''-e-''. The rest keep them, unlike in the singular definitive form. Then, ''ar'' is added to the final consonant in the nouns or the final vowel is changed to ''ar'' if it is not an ''a''. If it the final letter in a common noun is ''a'', then the plural form ends in ''or''. The plural definitive form is made by adding ''na'' to the end of the word.
*''en gafel, galfen, gaflar, gaflarna'' (fork)
*''en druva, druvan, druvor, druvorna'' (grape)
*''en om, omen, omar, omarna'' (man)
*''en serpet, serpten, serpetar, serpetarna'' (snake)
====Neuter Nouns====
Neuter nouns usually include:
*the names of most inanimate things
*nouns ending in ''-em, iv, -eum'' or ''-ium''
*the names of countries, mountains, rivers, towns and the letters of the alphabet
=====Neuter Declension=====
Like common nouns, neuter nouns delete ''e'' before the final ''l, r, t or n''. If the word ends in ''um'', it is deleted after ''e or i''. Then the singular definitive ending is added.
*''et tempel'' (a temple) becomes ''temple'''t'''''
*''et museum'' (a museum) becomes ''muse'''t'''''
Several things are considered when forming the plural form of neuter nouns.
If the noun ends in a consonant that is not ''s, n or r'', then ''er'' is added to the end. If the noun ends in a vowel, then an ''n'' is simply added. And this is where things can get a bit complicated. Depending on the final vowel and consonant(s), the final vowel may change quality to express plurality. Hopefully, this chart will help explain both visually and more easily.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! From !! To !! Before Final
|-
| ''a'' || ''o'' || ''n''
|-
| ''a'' || ''è'' || ''s''
|-
| ''o'' || ''eu'' || ''n, s, -ter, -ker''
|}
To form the plural definite in Nousuerian, several endings are considered. An ''a'' is added to a final ''n'', while ''na'' is added to the final ''r'' and final vowels. With every other final consonant, ''en'' is added to the end.
*''et bregundan, begrundanet, begrundon, begrundona''  (meditation)
*''et gras, graset, grès, grèsen'' (fat)
*''et os, oset, eus, eusen'' (bone)
*''et tjeut, tjeutet, tjeuter, tjeuterna'' (meat)
*''et barn, barnet, barn, barna'' (child)
*''et tempel, templet, templen, templena'' (temple)
===Adjectives===
Nousuerian adjectives inflect. In the indefinite declension they agree with the noun in gender (singular only) and in number. They also add inflexed endings in the definite declension.
====Common Declension====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Definite/Indefinite !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Definite || ''dén'' ___''(i)a'' || ''dom'' ___''(i)a
|-
| Indefinite || -- || ___''(i)a''
|}
Note however, that if an adjective ends in an ''ada'', then the final ''a'' is changed to ''e''. Also, if an adjective ends in a vowel that is not ''i'', then an ''i'' is added before the final ''a''.
*''dèn rurs'''a''' uason'' (the red bird)
*''dom rurs'''a''' uasorna'' (the red birds)
*''rurs uaso'' (red bird)
*''rurs'''a''' uasor'' (red birds)
====Neuter Declension====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Definite/Indefinite !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Definite || ''det'' ___''(i)a'' || ''dom'' ___''(i)a
|-
| Indefinite || ''t'' || ___''(i)a''
|}
The declension of neuter adjectives is a little complicated. In the indefinite singular, first, an ''n'' is changed to ''t'' after a final ''e''. If the word does not already end in ''t'', then it is added. The following table shows changes to consonants before final ''t''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! From !! To !! Before Final
|-
| ''g'' || ''k'' || ''t''
|-
| ''v'' || ''f'' || ''t''
|-
| ''b'' || ''p'' || ''t''
|}
For the plural indefinite neuter, delete ''e'' before final ''l, r or n''. Then add an ''a'' to the end of the word. Like the common, there is a change of final ''a'' to ''e'' after ''ad''.
*''det bo'''ia''' barnet'' (the handsome child)
*''dom bo'''ia''' barna'' (the handsome children)
*''lòn'''kt''' vi'' (long life)
*''nuvo'''ia''' templen'' (new temples)
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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