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→Phonology
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
There is a lot that happens in Gutish when words encounter other words or receive certain inflectional endings. Generally this has to do with the letter ending a root. | |||
Roots ending in ‹d› or ‹g›, for instance, become palatalized before ‹s›. E.g. the nominative form of ''dag'' ‘day’ is ''daǧ'' rather than the otherwise expected **''dags''. Furthermore, ‹d› becomes spirantized between two vowels, so some roots may have as many as three forms for one declension. E.g. ''bard'' ‘beard’ has the nominative ''bar'''ǧ''''', dative ''bar'''ð'''a'', and accusative ''bar'''d'''''. More of this will be discussed in the chapters on declension of Nouns and Adjectives and the conjugation of Verbs, but some basics will be laid out here. | |||
===[r]-Assimilation=== | ===[r]-Assimilation=== | ||
===Voicing Alternation=== | This is a persistent rule that does not have much effect on declensions within the language, but does have some effect on the development of certain words. This rule is described in the Rules chapter of this document in Assimilation of [ɾ]. Specifically, /r/ is deleted when immediately followed by /ž/. For example, the possessive adjective ''inkur'' ‘our’, from earlier ''inkwar'' has the genitive plural form ''inkuža'' from earlier ''inkwarɛ̄zō'' rather than the otherwise expected **''inkurža''. | ||
===Voicing Alternation===‹› | |||
This rule is inherited from Gothic or perhaps even Proto-Germanic. The rule is not persistent, but the variation in forms still affects the inflections of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in Gutish. (A similar v/f alternation rule exists in English, for example in singular ''knife'' and plural ''knives'', or the noun ''strife'' and the verb ''strive''.) The Gothic version of this rule caused alternation between ‹f› or ‹þ›, used only at the end of a word, and ‹b› or ‹d›, used elsewhere, e.g. ''giban'', ‘to give’, ''gaf'', ‘gave’. There are three main realizations of this rule in Gutish: | |||
*v → f | |||
*ð → þ } at the end of a word, or before an unvoiced consonant. | |||
*ž → s | |||
The implications of this rule for Gutish are: | |||
*‹f› or ‹þ› occur before ‹s› in the nominative singular of masculine or some feminine strong nouns, e.g. þlǣfs ‘loaf of bread’, but genitive þlǣvis. | |||
*‹f› or ‹þ› occur when word-final in the accusative of masculine or some feminine strong nouns, and the nominative and accusative of neuter strong nouns, e.g. blōþ ‘blood’, but genitive blōðis. | |||
*‹f› occurs when word-final or before ‹t› in the preterite singular and the second person imperative singular of strong verbs, e.g. gaf, gaft, ‘gave’, but infinitive givna. | |||
*‹þ› also occurs when word-final in the preterite singular and imperative, but is assimilated to ‹s› before ‹t› in the second person preterite (see Coronal Consonant Assimilation below). | |||
*The implications for ‹s› and ‹ž› can be a little trickier, because this split was not uniform in Gothic times, so many words retain ‹s› throughout the paradigm. These are noted in the lexicon and must be learned by rote. | |||
Please note that because this rule is not persistent, there are several words which later developed an intervocalic ‹f› or ‹þ› from earlier ‹h› which is not affected by this rule. | |||
===Palatalization=== | ===Palatalization=== | ||
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===Assimilation of [r] and [s]=== | ===Assimilation of [r] and [s]=== | ||
===Phonemic Inventory=== | |||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||