Cwengâr: Difference between revisions

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Gwengâr represents a contemporary sibling language to Fén Ghír. As Fén Ghír draws heavily of Irish Gaelic influence for spelling, phonetics and to some degree grammar, Gwengâr serves as a Bythronic equivalent, drawing heavily on Welsh and Breton. Root words are unique and Grammar is fairly simple sharing much still with Fén Ghír. However, words are slight more prone to mutation and grammatical compounding in Gwengâr.  
Cwengâr represents a contemporary sibling language to Fén Ghír. As Fén Ghír draws heavily of Irish Gaelic influence for spelling, phonetics and to some degree grammar, Cwengâr serves as a Bythronic equivalent, drawing heavily on Welsh and Breton. Root words are unique and Grammar is fairly simple sharing much still with Fén Ghír. However, words are slight more prone to mutation and grammatical compounding in Cwengâr.  


Vocabularly is largely similar, though words have different connotations. For example, Cún [Fén: Law, Promise, Vow] has become Cwŷn and now mostly fills the Bér in Fén as a general Superlative like "Good". Cún in the sense of Promise has become Cwŷn C'hâr[af] or "Just Word[s]". Pâr which is [Cognate to Bér] is basically reduced to meaning "Bright" Gwengâr.
Vocabularly is largely similar, though words have different connotations. For example, Cún [Fén: Law, Promise, Vow] has become Cwŷn and now mostly fills the Bér in Fén as a general Superlative like "Good". Cún in the sense of Promise has become Cwŷn C'hâr[af] or "Just Word[s]". Per which is [Cognate to Bér] is basically reduced to meaning "Bright" GCengâr.


This is my first project for creating a related language and in general, I hope that it surpasses the original to some degree.
This is my first project for creating a related language and in general, I hope that it surpasses the original to some degree.
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


Gwengâr avoids vowel and consonant clusters as a general rule. Consonant clusters are resolved by dropping the first consonant while the latter is lenitioned. Vowel clusters are usually separate words.
Cwengâr avoids vowel and consonant clusters as a general rule. Consonant clusters are resolved by dropping the first consonant while the latter is lenitioned. Vowel clusters are usually separate words.


===Orthography===
===Orthography===


Gwengâr spelling corresponds to IPA with these exceptions;   
Cwengâr spelling corresponds to IPA with these exceptions;   
*ŋ is spelt ng as in English.
*ŋ is spelt ng as in English.
*q is spelt cw, ɢ is spelt gw. This is convention based off the Breton, if a Gwengâr script is invented, they will not be diaphongs.
*q is spelt cw, ɢ is spelt gw. This is convention based off the Breton, if a Cwengâr script is invented, they will not be diaphongs.
*f is spelt ff, v is spelt f, inspired by Welsh.
*f is spelt ff, v is spelt f, inspired by Welsh.
*ʃ  is spelt sh, ʒ is spelt s, based off the above relation. It's tempting to use "ss" but "sh" is more conventional.
*ʃ  is spelt sh, ʒ is spelt s, based off the above relation. It's tempting to use "ss" but "sh" is more conventional.
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*3P: Ulhaf, Âlaf
*3P: Ulhaf, Âlaf


===Morphology===
===Genders===


!!Feminine/Masculine Distinction
Cwengâr bases masculine/feminine distinctions on the first vowel in a word, which modifies the preceding consonant of the word [if any] and the final consonant of the word preceding it.


Gwengâr bases masculine/feminine distinctions on the first vowel in a word, which modifies the preceding consonant of the word [if any] and the final consonant of the word preceding it.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"  style="align:center;
!|Masc
!|Fem.
|-
|ê
|ŷ
|-
|u
|â
|-
|ô
|y
|-
|o
|e
|-
|à
|a
|} 


ê, u, o, ô are masculine.
a is usually feminine, but is prone to exceptions, particularly when it is representing the ə/à sound.


ŷ, â, e, y are feminine.  
If the vowel is masculine, the preceding consonant is unvoiced. If Feminine, the consonant is voiced. r and l also agree with feminine vowels, while rh and lh agree with masculine ones. Nasal consonants are wholly neutral.


a is usually feminine, but is prone to exceptions, particularly when it is representing the ə/à sound.
The primary relevance of this is in personal names and occaisionally in assigning genders to titles and animals, where the first vowel is changed to the corresponding letter on the table above.
 
The use for titles is generally rare and will occur mostly etymologically rather than grammatically, "Cwŷsyn" [King] for example is technically a feminine term, but relates to law and legitimacy over the land which is traditionally feminine. Cwŷson is a variation which occurs when the last syllable is made masculine but Cwŷsyn presedes the discintion and is usually left alone unless relevant.
 
For animals, the distinction usually defaults towards feminine or the roots of the term but when an animal's gender is relevant, the first letter will be changed; merygw "Sheep" becomes "morygw" or "ram".  


If the vowel is masculine, the preceding consonant is unvoiced. If Feminine, the consonant is voiced. r and l also agree with feminine vowels, while rh and lh agree with masculine ones.
To emphasize gender in a noun which defaults to the gender, a suffix if added; Female is usually signaled with an addition at the end or "-ŷn" or "-yn".  "-ul" may be used at times to emphasize age. Male in turn is signified with "-on" or "-àn". "-àl" is a paternal counterpart to "-ul" but is used more rarely usually only for people seen actively serving as guardians.


!! Mutations.
===Mutations===


A "Hard" Mutation occurs in either verbs which are modifed by auxilaries or else a possessed object which are possessed.
A "Hard" Mutation occurs in either verbs which are modifed by auxilaries or else a possessed object which are possessed.


A "Soft" Mutation occurs in a noun that is either described or quantified.
A "Soft" Mutation occurs in direct objects or in a noun following a preposition.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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-->
-->
====Relative Clauses====
In Gwengâr relative clauses are rather common and often mark another action within the sentance. These begin with a relative determiner, however there are no strict rules on there ending.
I shouted at the woman <u>who took my bread</u>.
''Terhôlhôt du tyl alyn <u>et tengŷcw dy nânar cwê 'ocwâ.</u> ''.
These relative clauses can sometimes be worked into the shorter form of dependant clauses to express cause which is something rare in English, the result is something like this;
We went to the store <u>to get fishing supplies</u>.


Would said in Gwengâr as;
===Branching===


''Telô dy lhotenan pen <u>ed lhôtan ŷs gwânan c'honaf.</u>''
Cwengar is mostly head last language;


Although, it could also be expressed with depedant coupla dividing it into two sentances;
Verb
 
  |      \
''<u>Tengâb du gwânan c'honaf</u> o telô dy lhotenan.''
Verb Subject
  |            |        \
Verb Subject    Object
|            |              |              \
Verb Subject  D Obj. Ind. Obj.


This would translate as something closer to:
Verb
|        \
Adj. Verb
|          |      \
Adv.  Aux.  Verb.


<u>We needed fishing supplies</u> so we went to the store.
Ind. Obj.
|        |        \        \
Adj.  Num.  Prp. Obj.


It is also important to note that these relatively clauses may build on top of eachother, perhaps more often than in English;
D Obj.- Direct Object
Ind. Obj- Indirect Object
Adj- Adjective
Adv- Adverb
Aux- Auxiliary/Conjugation
Prp- Preposition.


I went to the man <u>who sold the boat to the guy '''who talked to me yesterday.'''</u>
===Prepositions===
 
''Telô dy ôlon <u>et telhotan ât cwerêl ta '''ed tengâr lho ta ny cwê fon gâl.'''</u>.''
 
===Prepositional Relations in Gwengâr===




{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; width:450px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; width:450px;"
! width="20%"|Masc
! width="30%"|Masc
width="20%"|Fem
width="30%"|Fem
! width="30%"|English
! width="40%"|English
! width="30%"|Case
|-
|
|
|
|Nomative
|-
|[Lenitioned]
|[Lenitioned]
|
|Accusative
|-
|Ngo
|Ngo
|Nge
|Nge
|Against
|Against
|Accusative/Dative
|-
|-
|Dul
|Dulh
|Tyl
|Tyl
|From
|From
|Accusative/Dative
|-
|-
|Dô
|Dô
|Ta
|Ta
|To
|To
|Accusative/Dative
|-
|-
|Dôf
|Dôf
|Taff
|Taff
|Towards
|Towards
|Accusative/Dative
|-
|-
|Rhôlh
|Rhôlh
|Ral
|Ral
|Than
|Than
|Accusative/Dative
|-
|-
|Êrô
|Êrô
|Âra
|Âra
|Like
|Like
|Accusative/Dative
|-
|-
|Rhàlh
|Rhàlh
|Rŷ
|Rŷ
|By
|By
|Instrumental
|-
|fà
|ffa
|With
|-
|-
|Gwu
|Gwu
|Cwy
|Cwy
|Under
|Under
|Accusative/Dative/Locative
|-
|-
|Gwê
|Gwê
|Cwe
|Cwe
|Over
|Over
|Accusative/Dative/Locative
|-
|-
|Gwô
|Gwô
|Cwâ
|Cwâ
|In[to]
|In[to]
|Accusative/Dative/Locative
|-
|-
|Lhurod
|Lhurod
|Lârot
|Lârot
|Around
|Around
|Accusative/Dative/Locative
|-
|-
|Nŷrh
|Nŷrh
|Nŷr
|Nŷr
|Near
|Near
|Accusative/Dative/Locative/Temporal
|-
|-
|Erac'hôn
|Erac'hôn
|Erac'hôn
|Erac'hôn
|Opposite
|Opposite
|Locative
|-
|-
|Gwuf
|Gwu
|Cwâff
|Cwâ
|Before
|Before
|Locative/Temporal
|-
|-
|Gwof
|Gwo
|Gwoff
|Cwe
|Locative/Temporal
|After
|-
|-
|Gwôf
|Gwô
|Cwaff
|Cwa
|Until
|Until
|Locative/Temporal
|-
|-
|Gwêrh
|Gwê
|Cwŷr
|Cwŷ
|At/During
|At/During
|Locative/Temporal
|-
|-
|Bon
|Bon
|Pen
|Pen
|For/Because of
|For/Because of
|Causal
|-
|-
|Gwulh
|Gwulh
|Cwâl
|Cwâl
|According
|According
|Subjective
|}
|}
These are written as separate words, but grammatically often act almost as cases for the words after them and most speakers blur the distinction of words. Words which begin with vowels following these are often pronounced with with a "h" sound preceding them or "n" in the case of possessives. Only the "n" is written however.
=====Possessive=====
=====Possessive=====
Possessive causes a hard mutation in the possessed word;
Possessive causes a hard mutation in the possessed word;
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Tenôlh lho dô '''rhà'''  <u>melem</u>.  
Tenôlh lho dô '''rhà'''  <u>melem</u>.  
====Relative Clauses====
In Cwengâr relative clauses are rather common and often mark another action within the sentance. These begin with a relative determiner, however there are no strict rules on there ending.
I shouted at the woman <u>who took my bread</u>.
''Terhôlhôt du tyl alyn <u>et tengŷcw dy nânar cwê 'ocwâ.</u> ''.
These relative clauses can sometimes be worked into the shorter form of dependant clauses to express cause which is something rare in English, the result is something like this;
We went to the store <u>to get fishing supplies</u>.
Would said in Cwengâr as;
''Telô dy lhotenan pen <u>ed lhôtan ŷs gwânan c'honaf.</u>''
Although, it could also be expressed with depedant coupla dividing it into two sentances;
''<u>Tengâb du gwânan c'honaf</u> o telô dy lhotenan.''
This would translate as something closer to:
<u>We needed fishing supplies</u> so we went to the store.
It is also important to note that these relatively clauses may build on top of eachother, perhaps more often than in English;
I went to the man <u>who sold the boat to the guy '''who talked to me yesterday.'''</u>
''Telô dy ôlon <u>et telhotan ât cwerêl ta '''ed tengâr lho ta ny cwê fon gâl.'''</u>.''


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Galavic]]
[[Category:Galavic]]
[[Category: Gwengâr]]
[[Category: Cwengâr]]
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