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Da nouns in Genitive can also serve as a Verb of a sentence, replacing the use of a copula. Genitive in this role expresses belonging to a group ("is a" relationship), e.g.: ''Du meno!'' (I am a man!), ''Ka punseo dea'' (This is a tall tree) etc.
Da nouns in Genitive can also serve as a Verb of a sentence, replacing the use of a copula. Genitive in this role expresses belonging to a group ("is a" relationship), e.g.: ''Du meno!'' (I am a man!), ''Ka punseo dea'' (This is a tall tree) etc.


====''Locative / Instrumental''====
====''Locative / Instrumental / Essive''====
Locative / Instrumental nouns receive the ending ''-e''.
Locative / Instrumental nouns receive the ending ''-e''.


When used as Locative, it indicates place or time: ''sue'' (in water), ''punseolane'' (in a forest), ''kokemihane'' (on an airplane), ''sorsunoté'' (yesterday), ''xorté'' (soon; lit. "in a short time"). Usually locative does not denote possession; e.g. compare ''Ku du áthate taoruolanu ká'' (Give me this book, i.e. for me to have) vs. ''Ku tita tyute taoruolanu ká'' (Bring this book to me, i.e. to my place).
When used as Locative, it indicates place or time: ''sue'' (in water), ''punseolane'' (in a forest), ''kokemihane'' (on an airplane), ''sorsunoté'' (yesterday), ''xorté'' (soon; lit. "in a short time"). Usually locative does not denote possession; e.g. compare ''Ku du áthate taoruolanu ká'' (Give me this book, i.e. for me to have) vs. ''Ku tita tyute taoruolanu ká'' (Bring this book to me, i.e. to my place).


If the location needs to be specified more precisely, e.g. "'''on''' the desk" vs. "'''under''' the desk", or "'''near''' the house" vs. "'''in''' the house", Cha uses a position indicator + Genitive to express that: ''tyé taoruo'' (on the desk, lit. "on top of the desk"), ''tyere taoruo'' (under the desk), ''nere huo'' (outside the house), ''nertenke huo'' (around the house), ''né huo'' (in / inside the house), ''hue'' (at the house, home). As you can see, all these constructions follow the pattern "at" (expressed as Locative) "position" (e.g. top, under, outside etc.) "of" (expressed as Genitive) original word. The position indicators are grammatically nouns, although they are usually translated into English as prepositions.
If the location needs to be specified more precisely, e.g. "'''on''' the desk" vs. "'''under''' the desk", or "'''near''' the house" vs. "'''in''' the house", Cha uses a position indicator + Genitive to express that: ''dé taoruo'' (on the desk, lit. "on top of the desk"), ''dere taoruo'' (under the desk), ''nere huo'' (outside the house), ''nertenke huo'' (around the house), ''né huo'' (in / inside the house), ''hue'' (at the house, home). As you can see, all these constructions follow the pattern "at" (expressed as Locative) "position" (e.g. top, under, outside etc.) "of" (expressed as Genitive) original word. The position indicators are grammatically nouns, although they are usually translated into English as prepositions.


To form a sentence indicating an object / person location, e.g. "The boy '''is''' in the house", Cha speakers would use the verb ''ná'' (vi: "be located", vt: "put"): ''Nunmen ná né huo''. One can also say ''Nunmen nea hue'', using the root ''ne'' as a verb with meaning "be inside".
To form a sentence indicating an object / person location, e.g. "The boy '''is''' in the house", Cha speakers would use the verb ''nae / ná'' (vi: "be located", vt: "put"): ''Nunmen nae né huo''. One can also say ''Nunmen né hue'', using the root ''ne'' as a verb with meaning "be inside".


When used as Instrumental, the same form indicates a tool or object with which an action is done. This usage usually translates into English with the help of preposition "with", although not always: ''Nunmen ká lotyana rurisyo-lotyanaolae'' (This boy plays a violin). In Cha, it is interchangeable with a phrase that includes the word ''lai'' (using): ''Tyamen tala saraotutirhonu seorure'' (The master beats the dog '''with''' a stick) can be said as ''Tyamen tala saraotutirhonu lai seoruru'' (The master beats the dog '''using''' a stick).
When used as Instrumental, the same form indicates a tool or object with which an action is done. This usage usually translates into English with the help of preposition "with", although not always: ''Nunmen kae lodana rurixo-lodanaolae'' (This boy plays a violin). In Da, it is interchangeable with a phrase that includes the word ''lai'' (using): ''Damen tala saraotutirhonu seorure'' (The master beats the dog '''with''' a stick) can be said as ''Tyamen tala saraotutirhonu lai seoruru'' (The master beats the dog '''using''' a stick).
 
Finally, this case can be used as the verb of a sentence to express the "is the" relationship (Essive): Ku mene du síxao sorsunoté! -- You are the man I saw yesterday!


Although different uses of Locative / Instrumental share the same ending, it is usually quite obvious whether the place, time, or tool is meant in each given case.
Although different uses of Locative / Instrumental share the same ending, it is usually quite obvious whether the place, time, or tool is meant in each given case.


Nouns in Locative / Instrumental folow the verb and play the role of indirect objects or adverbial modifiers.
Nouns in Locative / Instrumental follow the verb and play the role of indirect objects or adverbial modifiers.


===Infixes ''-t-'', ''-p- '' and ''-k-''===
===Infixes ''-t-'', ''-p- '' and ''-k-''===
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