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*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]


==Morphology==
==Roots and principal parts==
 
===Roots and principal parts===
 


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*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú


=====Finite verbal stem=====
====Finite verbal stem====
The finite verbal stem is characterized by vowel clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.
The finite verbal stem is characterized by vowel clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.


It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].  
It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].  


=====Participial stem=====
====Participial stem====
The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].
The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].


=====Vocative stem=====
====Vocative stem====
The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].
The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].


=====Ergative form=====
====Ergative form====
The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.
The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.


It is used  to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.
It is used  to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.


=====Oblique stem=====
====Oblique stem====
The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowel's are added epenthetically either before the initiral vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, but between the first to consonants in the case of all other sounds.
The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowel's are added epenthetically either before the initiral vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, but between the first to consonants in the case of all other sounds.


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*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]


=====Adverbial form=====
====Adverbial form====
The adverbial form of a verb has a couple of meanings:
The adverbial form of a verb has a couple of meanings:
*as a simple adverb
*as a simple adverb
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For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].
For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].


===Nouns===
==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.
 
Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:
Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:


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For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].
For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].


====Nominal number====
===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:
Nouns and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:


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The plural infix is '''-in-'''.
The plural infix is '''-in-'''.


====Ratio casuum====
===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Words were postpositively added after syntactic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.  
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Words were postpositively added after syntactic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.  


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#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"


=====Vocative=====
====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].


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The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.
The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.


=====Ergative=====
====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].


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*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])


=====Similative=====
====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".


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:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|collquial Rówok]].
:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|collquial Rówok]].


=====Genitive=====
====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]


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*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''


=====Telic=====
====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].


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*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion


=====Locatives=====
====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".


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:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)


=====Instrumental/(a)comitative=====
====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".


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Like  the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.
Like  the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:
#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]
Examples:
:1) '''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:
*singular
*dual
*plural
====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].
These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.
From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''
The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.
====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''
=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action
Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]].
=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧ-''' with allophonic '''-đ-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]].
It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧa''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc. 
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''
Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].
=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action
Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]].
====Irrealis stem====
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evoled after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ/ and so on as follows:
*'''arn- > ayarn-'''
*'''barn- > bavarn-'''
*'''parn- > payparn-'''
*'''darn- > dađarn-'''
*'''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
*'''garn- > gažarn-'''
*'''karn- > kačarn-'''
*'''zarn- > zažarn-'''
*'''sarn- > sašarn-'''
*'''larn- > laylarn-'''
*'''rarn- > rayrarn-'''
*'''marn- > maymarn-'''
*'''narn- > naynarn-'''
*'''yarn- > yayarn-'''
*'''warn- > wavarn-'''
The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form:
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Precative|precative]]
#the [[#Hortatory|hortatory]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]
#the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]]
#contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]
====Participles====
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''
Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].
In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''
*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').
Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.
==Morphology and morphophonology==
===Nominals===


=====Case morphophonology=====
=====Case morphophonology=====
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====Declension tables====
====Declension tables====
Armed with all that knowledge here's a couple declensions:


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|}


===Adjectives===
===Verbals===
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:
 
#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]
 
Examples:
 
:1) '''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
 
===Verbs===
 
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:
 
*singular
*dual
*plural
 
====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].
 
These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.
 
From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''
 
The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.
 
====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''
 
=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action
 
Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]].
 
=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧ-''' with allophonic '''-đ-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]].
 
It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧa''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc. 
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''
 
Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].


======Middle voice morphophonology======
======Middle voice morphophonology======
=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action
Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]].
====Irrealis stem====
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evoled after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ/ and so on as follows:
*'''arn- > ayarn-'''
*'''barn- > bavarn-'''
*'''parn- > payparn-'''
*'''darn- > dađarn-'''
*'''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
*'''garn- > gažarn-'''
*'''karn- > kačarn-'''
*'''zarn- > zažarn-'''
*'''sarn- > sašarn-'''
*'''larn- > laylarn-'''
*'''rarn- > rayrarn-'''
*'''marn- > maymarn-'''
*'''narn- > naynarn-'''
*'''yarn- > yayarn-'''
*'''warn- > wavarn-'''
The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form:
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Precative|precative]]
#the [[#Hortatory|hortatory]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]
#the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]]
#contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]


====Conjugation tables====
====Conjugation tables====
Armed with that knowledge here are a few conjugations:


:A-stems:
:A-stems:
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|}
|}


====Participles====
====Participials====
Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].
 
In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''
 
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].


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| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}
|}
*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').
Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
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