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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="background:white; text-align:left;"
|-
! Letter
! IPA Sound
! Letter Name
! IPA Letter Name
! [[:w:ISO 9|Scientific<br>Latin transliteration]]
|-
| Ӏ
| /◌ʼ/
| <i>пӀ'алєчһа</i>
| /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħa}}/
| ‡
|-
| '
| /ʡ/~[ʔ]
| <i>нруцӕфих пӀ'алєчһа</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx pʼʡalot͡ʃħa}}/
| ʔ '
|-
| і
| /ʲi/
| <i>пӀ'алєчһих і</i>
| /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx iː}}/
| Ì ì
|-
| а
| /a/
| <i>а</i>
| /{{IPA|a}}/
| A a
|-
| ӑ
| /ʕ/
| <i>нруцӕфих ӑа</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx ʕa}}/
| Ă ă (ʕ ʿ)
|-
| я
| /ʲɒ/
| <i>я</i>
| /{{IPA|ɒ}}/
| Â â
|-
| ә
| /æ/
| <i>ә</i>
| /{{IPA|æ}}/
| Æ æ
|-
| ӕ
| /ə/
| <i>ӕ</i>
| /{{IPA|ə}}/
| Ä ä (Ə ə)
|-
| э
| /ɛ/
| <i>э</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛ}}/
| E e
|-
| ӭ
| /ɘ/
| <i>ӭ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӭ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɘʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɘ}}/
| Ë ë
|-
| ө
| /ɞ/
| <i>ө</i>
| /{{IPA|ɞ}}/
| Œ œ
|-
| є
| /ʲo/
| <i>є</i>
| /{{IPA|o}}/
| Ĕ ĕ
|-
| е
| /ʲe/
| <i>е</i>
| /{{IPA|e}}/
| Ê ê
|-
| ё
| [ʲɵ]~/ʲø/
| <i>ё'</i> or <i>птрђих ё</i>
| /{{IPA|øʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ø}}/
| È è
|-
| и
| /ɪ/
| <i>и</i>
| /{{IPA|ɪ}}/
| I ı
|-
| ӥ
| /i/
| <i>ӥ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӥ</i>
| /{{IPA|iʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx i}}/
| Î î
|-
| й
| /j/
| <i>нруцӕфих йи</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx jɪ}}/
| Ĭ ĭ (J j)
|-
| о
| /ʌ/
| <i>о</i>
| /{{IPA|ʌ}}/
| O o
|-
| ӧ
| /ɤ/
| <i>ӧ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӧ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɤʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɤ}}/
| Ö ö
|-
| у
| /u/
| <i>у</i>
| /{{IPA|u}}/
| U u
|-
| ў
| /w/
| <i>нруцӕфих ўу</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx wu}}/
| Ŭ ŭ (W w)
|-
| ұ
| /y/
| <i>ұ</i> or <i>пӀ'алєчһих ұ</i>
| /{{IPA|y}}/ or /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx y}}/
| Ù ù
|-
| ю
| /ʲɯ/
| <i>ю</i>
| /{{IPA|ɯ}}/
| Û û
|-
| ы
| /ɨ/
| <i>ы</i>
| /{{IPA|ɨ}}/
| Y y
|-
| ӹ
| /ʉ/
| <i>ӹ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӹ</i>
| /{{IPA|ʉʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ʉ}}/
| Ÿ ÿ
|-
| м
| /ɱ/
| <i>эм</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛɱ}}/
| M m
|-
| н
| /n/
| <i>эн</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛn}}/
| N n
|-
| ң
| /◌̃/
| <i>р'ьәњӕы эң</i> or <i> пӀ'алєчһих эң</i>
| /{{IPA|rʡʲæɲə͡ɨ ɛ̃}}/ or /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx ɛ̃}}/
| Ņ ņ
|-
| ц
| /t͡n̥/~[θ]
| <i>цэ</i>
| /{{IPA|t͡n̥ɛ}}/
| C c
|-
| њ
| /ɲ/
| <i>њэ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɲɛ}}/
| N̂ n̂ (Ñ ñ)
|-
| б
| /p̬/~[b̪]
| <i>эб</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛp̬}}/
| B b
|-
| п
| /pʰ/
| <i>пэ</i>
| /{{IPA|p̪ʰɛ}}/
| P p
|-
| д
| /t̬/~[d̟]
| <i>эд</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛt̬}}/
| D d
|-
| т
| /tʰ/~[t̟ʰ]
| <i>тэ</i>
| /{{IPA|tʰɛ}}/
| T t
|-
| џ
| /d͡ʒ/
| <i>эџ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛd͡ʒ}}/
| D̂ d̂
|-
| ч
| /t͡ʃ/
| <i>чэ</i>
| /{{IPA|t͡ʃɛ}}/
| Č č
|-
| ђ
| /c̬/~[ɟ]
| <i>эђ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛc̬}}/
| Đ đ
|-
| ћ
| /cʰ/
| <i>эћ</i>
| /{{IPA|cʰɛ}}/
| Ć ć
|-
| ӵ
| /c͡ç/
| <i>ӵэ</i>
| /{{IPA|c͡çɛ}}/
| C̈ c̈
|-
| г
| /k̬/~[g]
| <i>эг</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛk̬}}/
| G g
|-
| к
| /kʰ/
| <i>кэ</i>
| /{{IPA|kʰɛ}}/
| K k
|-
| ҝ
| /q͡χ/
| <i>ҝэ</i>
| /{{IPA|q͡χɛ}}/
| Q q
|-
| в
| /v/
| <i>ве</i>
| /{{IPA|vʲe}}/
| V v
|-
| ф
| /f/
| <i>еф</i>
| /{{IPA|ef}}/
| F f
|-
| з
| /z/
| <i>зе</i>
| /{{IPA|z̟ʲe}}/
| Z z
|-
| с
| /s/
| <i>ес</i>
| /{{IPA|es̟}}/
| S s
|-
| ԇ
| /sˤ/~[z̥]
| <i>ԇөд</i>
| /{{IPA|sˤɞt̬}}/
| Sz sz
|-
| ж
| /ʒ/
| <i>же</i>
| /{{IPA|ʒʲe}}/
| Ž ž
|-
| ш
| /ʃ/
| <i>еш</i>
| /{{IPA|eʃ}}/
| Š š
|-
| җ
| /ʝ/
| <i>җе</i>
| /{{IPA|ʝe}}/
| Ẑ ẑ
|-
| щ
| /ç/
| <i>ещ</i>
| /{{IPA|eç}}/
| Ŝ ŝ
|-
| ғ
| /ɣ/
| <i>ғе</i>
| /{{IPA|ɣʲe}}/
| Ġ ġ
|-
| х
| /x/
| <i>ех</i>
| /{{IPA|ex}}/
| X x
|-
| һ
| /ħ/~[h]
| <i>һе</i>
| /{{IPA|ħʲe}}/
| H h
|-
| р
| /r/~[ɹ]
| <i>ер</i>
| /{{IPA|er}}/
| R r
|-
| ь
| /j/~/◌ʲ/
| <i>ьерь</i> or <i>йерь</i>
| /{{IPA|jerʲ}}/
| ′
|-
| ъ
| /w/~/◌ʷ/
| <i>ъеръ</i> or <i>ўеръ</i>
| /{{IPA|werʷ}}/
| ″
|-
| ҍ
| /ʕ/~/◌ˤ/
| <i>ҍерҍ</i> or <i>ӑерҍ</i>
| /{{IPA|ʕerˤ}}/
| ‴
|-
| л
| /l/~[ɮ]
| <i>ел</i>
| /{{IPA|el}}/
| L l
|-
| љ
| /ʎ/
| <i>љер</i>
| /{{IPA|ʎer}}/
| L̂ l̂ (Ł ł)
|-
|}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ | Danterške consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan=2| [[:w:Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Postalveolar consonant|Palato-alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Epiglottal consonant|Pharyngeal/Uvelar]]
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|[[:w:Secondary articulation|2 artic.]]}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[:w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|ɱ}} (м)
| {{IPA|n}} (н)
| {{IPA|t͡n̥}}~{{IPA|θ}} (ц)
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}} (њ)
|
|
|-
! rowspan=3| [[:w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[:w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}} (п)
| {{IPA|tʰ}} (т)
|
|
| {{IPA|cʰ}} (ћ)
| {{IPA|kʰ}} (к)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|ʡ}} (')
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Fortis and lenis|lenis]]}}
| {{IPA|p̬}} (б)
| {{IPA|t̬}} (д)
|
|
| {{IPA|c̬}} (ђ)
| {{IPA|k̬}} (г)
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Ejective consonant|ejective]]}}
| {{IPA|pʼ}} (пӀ)
| {{IPA|tʼ}} (тӀ)
|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʼ}} (чӀ)
| {{IPA|cʼ}} (ћӀ)
| {{IPA|kʼ}} (кӀ)
| {{IPA|qʼ}} (ҝӀ)
|-
|-
! rowspan=6| [[:w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|p͡f}} (пф)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|t͡s}} (тс)
| rowspan=2|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} (ч)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|c͡ç}} (ӵ)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|q͡χ~k͡xʷ}} (ҝ)
|-
| {{IPA|ʃt͡ʃ}} (щӀ)
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|b͡v}} (бв)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|d͡z}} (дз)
| rowspan=2|
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} (џ)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| {{IPA|ʒd͡ʒ}} (җӀ)
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:nasal release|nasal release]]}}
| rowspan=2|
| {{IPA|t̟ⁿʰ}} (тң)
| colspan=2| {{IPA|t͡ʃ̃ⁿ}} (чң)
| {{IPA|cⁿʰ}} (ћң)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|g̊ⁿ}} (кң,гң)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| {{IPA|dⁿ~nˑ}} (дң)
| colspan=2| {{IPA|d͡ʒ̃ⁿ}} (џң)
| {{IPA|ɟⁿ~ɲˑ}} (ђң)
|-
! rowspan=4| [[:w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[:w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA|f}} (ф)
| {{IPA|s}}<small><ref name=a group=note>Denti-alveolar consonants, nor any fricatives, are never [[:w:Sibilant|sibilants]].</ref></small> (с)
| {{IPA|sˤ~z̥}}<small><ref name=a group=note>Denti-alveolar consonants, nor any fricatives, are never [[:w:Sibilant|sibilants]].</ref></small> (ԇ)
| {{IPA|ʃ}} (ш)
| {{IPA|ç}} (щ)
| {{IPA|x}} (х)
| {{IPA|ħ}} (һ)
|-
! {{small|[[:w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA|v}} (в)
| {{IPA|z}}<small><ref name=a group=note>Denti-alveolar consonants, nor any fricatives, are never [[:w:Sibilant|sibilants]].</ref></small> (з)
| {{IPA|zʲ}} (зь)
| {{IPA|ʒ}} (ж)
| {{IPA|ʝ}} (җ)
| {{IPA|ɣ}} (ғ)
|
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:Nasalization|nasalized]]}}
| {{IPA|f̃}} (фң)
| {{IPA|s̃}} (сң)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|s̃ˤ}} (ԇң)
| {{IPA|ʃ̃}} (шң)
| {{IPA|ç̃}} (щң)
| {{IPA|x̃}} (хң)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| {{IPA|ṽ}} (вң)
| {{IPA|z̃}} (зң)
| {{IPA|ʒ̃}} (жң)
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[:w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA|r~ɹ}} (р)
| {{IPA|rⁿ}} (рң)
| {{IPA|rʲ}} (рь)
| {{IPA|j}} (ь,й)
| {{IPA|w}} (ъ,ў)
| {{IPA|ʕ}} (ҍ,ӑ)
|-
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! {{small|[[:w:Oral consonant|oral]]}}
|
| {{IPA|l}}~{{IPA|ɮ}} (л)
|
|
| {{IPA|ʎ}} (љ)
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Nasalization|nasalized]]}}
|
| {{IPA|l̃}} (лң)
|
|
| {{IPA|ʎ̃}} (љң)
|
|
|-
|-
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Dãterške vowel phonemes
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[:w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=2| [[:w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=2| [[:w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-class=small
! [[:w:Unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
! [[:w:Rounded vowel|rounded]]
! unrounded
! rounded
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Close vowel|Close]]
! {{small|[[:w:Oral vowel|oral]]}}
| {{IPA|i}} (ӥ) {{IPA|ʲi(ː)}} (і)
| {{IPA|y}} (ұ)
| {{IPA|ɨ}} (ы)
| {{IPA|ʉ}} (ӹ)
|
| {{IPA|u}} (у)
|-
!  {{small|[[:w:Nasalization|nasal]]}}
| {{IPA|ĩ}} (ің/ӥң)
| {{IPA|ỹ}} (ұң)
| {{IPA|ɨ̃}} (ың)
| {{IPA|ʉ̃}} (ӹң)
|
| {{IPA|ũ}} (уң)
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}} (и)
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʲɯ}} (ю)
|
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|ɪ̃}} (иң)
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɯ̃}} (юң)
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|ʲe}} (е)
|
| {{IPA|ɘ}} (ӭ)
| {{IPA|ʲɵ~ʲø}} (ё)
| {{IPA|ɤ}} (ӧ)
|
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|ẽ}} (ең)
|
| {{IPA|ɘ̃}} (ӭң)
| {{IPA|ɵ̃~ø̃}} (ёң)
| {{IPA|ɤ̃}} (ӧң)
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! {{small|oral}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ə}} (ӕ)
|
|
| {{IPA|ʲo}} (є)
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ə̃}} (ӕң)
|
|
| {{IPA|õ}} (єң)
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|ɛ}} (э)
|
|
| {{IPA|ɞ}} (ө)
| {{IPA|ʌ}} (о)
|
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|ɛ̃}} (эң)
|
|
| {{IPA|ɞ̃}} (өң)
| {{IPA|ʌ̃}} (оң)
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|æ}} (ә)
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|æ̃}} (әң)
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Open vowel|Open]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|a}} (а)
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʲɒ}} (я)
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|ã}} (аң)
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɒ̃}} (яң)
|}
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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