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m (→Syntax: fixed example sentences.) |
m (→Particles: fixed these example sentences. (One was reallly messed up!)) |
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'''maniyai ami aa umbu va zi.''' | '''maniyai ami aa umbu va zi.''' | ||
mayiya-i ami '''aa''' umbu va zi. | mayiya-i ami '''aa''' umbu va zi. | ||
break - | break -PFV friend '''ACC''' bone COP 3S.POSS | ||
"The friend broke their bone." | "The friend broke their bone." | ||
Line 779: | Line 779: | ||
'''vigai dari vai.''' | '''vigai dari vai.''' | ||
viga-i dari '''vai'''. | viga-i dari '''vai'''. | ||
eat - | eat -PFV boy '''3Si.ACC'''. | ||
"The boy ate it." | "The boy ate it." | ||
'''yiga yau dau.''' | '''yiga yau dau.''' | ||
yiga -a | yiga -a yau '''dau'''. | ||
speak.to- | speak.to-DUR 1S.NOM '''1S.ACC'''. | ||
"I speak to myself." | "I speak to myself." | ||
Line 791: | Line 791: | ||
'''dduwi auzi auzi''' | '''dduwi auzi auzi''' | ||
ddu-(w)i auzi '''auzi'''. | ddu-(w)i auzi '''auzi'''. | ||
hit- | hit-PFV 3Sa.NOM '''3Sa.ACC''' | ||
"He hit himself." | "He hit himself." | ||
'''dduwi auzi aa auzi.''' | '''dduwi auzi aa auzi.''' | ||
ddu-(w)i auzi '''aa auzi'''. | ddu-(w)i auzi '''aa auzi'''. | ||
hit- | hit-PFV 3Sa.NOM '''ACC 3Sa.ACC'''. | ||
"He hit him." | "He hit him." | ||
Line 823: | Line 823: | ||
'''dazjyi yau liv il jauni.''' | '''dazjyi yau liv il jauni.''' | ||
dazji-i yau liv '''il''' jauni. | dazji-i yau liv '''il''' jauni. | ||
give- | give-PFV 1S.NOM 2S.ACC '''INSTR''' flower. | ||
"I gave you a flower." (Lit. "I give you with a flower.") | "I gave you a flower." (Lit. "I give you with a flower.") | ||
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'''rainaij yau aa duvij il dau.''' | '''rainaij yau aa duvij il dau.''' | ||
raina-i -j yau aa duvij '''il''' dau. | raina-i -j yau aa duvij '''il''' dau. | ||
dig - | dig -DUR-IRR 1S.NOM ACC hole '''INSTR''' 1S.ACC | ||
"I will dig the hole myself." | "I will dig the hole myself." | ||
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'''murwi auzi ggaun liv.''' | '''murwi auzi ggaun liv.''' | ||
muru-i auzi '''ggaun''' liv. | muru-i auzi '''ggaun''' liv. | ||
die - | die -PFV 3S.NOM '''BEN''' 2S.ACC. | ||
"He died for you." / "He died for your benefit." | "He died for you." / "He died for your benefit." | ||
'''murwi auzi diri liv.''' | '''murwi auzi diri liv.''' | ||
muru-i auzi '''diri''' liv. | muru-i auzi '''diri''' liv. | ||
die - | die -PFV 3S.NOM '''CAU''' 2S.ACC. | ||
"He died because of you." / "It was your fault he died." | "He died because of you." / "It was your fault he died." | ||
Line 852: | Line 852: | ||
====Modal Particles==== | ====Modal Particles==== | ||
'' | ''See {{section link||Mood and Additional Aspects}} for now.'' | ||
{| | |||
|} | |||
====Relativizer Particles==== | ====Relativizer Particles==== | ||
Line 967: | Line 903: | ||
'''wizddaniya ddal vimanbbaggu''' | '''wizddaniya ddal vimanbbaggu''' | ||
wizddaniya ddal viman- | wizddaniya ddal viman-zanju. | ||
Wistania LOC sky - | Wistania LOC sky -foot. | ||
"Wistania is under the sky." | "Wistania is under the sky." | ||
"Wistania, which is located under the sky,..." | "Wistania, which is located under the sky,..." | ||
Technically, these are incomplete sentences, indicating only a noun and a relative clause without a compliment. However, they are considered perfectly viable | Technically, these are incomplete sentences, indicating only a noun and a relative clause without a compliment. However, they are considered perfectly viable and grammatical in Wistanian. | ||
====Coordinating Particles==== | ====Coordinating Particles==== | ||
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'''dajyi ya dari ya lari.''' | '''dajyi ya dari ya lari.''' | ||
daji-i '''ya''' dari '''ya''' lari. | daji-i '''ya''' dari '''ya''' lari. | ||
hide- | hide-PFV '''CO''' boy '''CO''' girl. | ||
"The boy and the girl hid." | "The boy and the girl hid." | ||
Weak coordination (<code>WCO</code>) refers to a co-actor in the sentence while keeping the focus on a specific item of the list, which is usually featured at the beginning of the list and without a particle. It is denoted with the word '''vil'''. | Weak coordination (<code>WCO</code>) refers to a co-actor in the sentence while keeping the focus on a specific item of the list, which is usually featured at the beginning of the list and without a particle. It is denoted with the word '''vil''' (from the word '''viluba''': "to touch"). | ||
'''dajyi dari nuz lari.''' | '''dajyi dari nuz lari.''' | ||
daji-i dari '''vil''' lari. | daji-i dari '''vil''' lari. | ||
hide- | hide-PFV boy '''WCO''' girl. | ||
"The boy hid with the girl." | "The boy hid with the girl." | ||
Contrastive coordination (<code>CCO</code>) is equivalent to the English "but" and is expressed through the particle '''bbal'''. | Contrastive coordination (<code>CCO</code>) is equivalent to the English "but" and is expressed through the particle '''bbal'''. | ||
''' | '''gaun liyiya auvi, bbal gaun bauliyiya gaunun.''' | ||
auvi-n | gaun liya-iya auvi-n, '''bbal''' gaun bau-liya-iya gaunu-n. | ||
GNO fly -STA bird-PL, '''CCO''' GNO NEG-fly -STA fish -PL | |||
"Birds fly, but fish do not fly." | "Birds fly, but fish do not fly." | ||
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'''ja lu aa i garauvi i diyan a.''' | '''ja lu aa i garauvi i diyan a.''' | ||
ja -a | ja -a lu aa '''i''' garauvi '''i''' diyan a. | ||
want- | want-DUR 2S.NOM ACC '''ALTCO''' water '''ALTCO''' juice Q. | ||
"Do you want water or juice?" | "Do you want water or juice?" | ||
This alternative coordinating particle is also used to answer a multiple choice question. | This alternative coordinating particle is also used to answer a multiple choice question. Parentheses indicate an optional expression. | ||
'''(ja yau) i diyan.''' | '''(ja yau) i diyan.''' | ||
ja -a | (ja -a yau) i diyan. | ||
want- | (want-DUR 1S.NOM) ALTCO juice. | ||
"I want the juice." | "(I want) the juice." | ||
===Honorifics=== | ===Honorifics=== |
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