Wistanian: Difference between revisions

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Wistanian (view source)

Revision as of 05:22, 31 October 2018

3,439 bytes removed ,  31 October 2018
m
→‎Particles: fixed these example sentences. (One was reallly messed up!)
m (→‎Syntax: fixed example sentences.)
m (→‎Particles: fixed these example sentences. (One was reallly messed up!))
Line 772: Line 772:
   '''maniyai ami aa umbu va zi.'''
   '''maniyai ami aa umbu va zi.'''
   mayiya-i  ami    '''aa'''  umbu va  zi.
   mayiya-i  ami    '''aa'''  umbu va  zi.
   break -TEL friend '''ACC''' bone COP 3S.POSS
   break -PFV friend '''ACC''' bone COP 3S.POSS
   "The friend broke their bone."
   "The friend broke their bone."


Line 779: Line 779:
   '''vigai dari vai.'''
   '''vigai dari vai.'''
   viga-i  dari '''vai'''.
   viga-i  dari '''vai'''.
   eat -TEL boy  '''3Si.ACC'''.
   eat -PFV boy  '''3Si.ACC'''.
   "The boy ate it."
   "The boy ate it."


   '''yiga yau dau.'''
   '''yiga yau dau.'''
   yiga    -a   yau    '''dau'''.
   yiga    -a   yau    '''dau'''.
   speak.to-ATEL 1S.NOM '''1S.ACC'''.
   speak.to-DUR 1S.NOM '''1S.ACC'''.
   "I speak to myself."
   "I speak to myself."


Line 791: Line 791:
   '''dduwi auzi auzi'''
   '''dduwi auzi auzi'''
   ddu-(w)i auzi    '''auzi'''.
   ddu-(w)i auzi    '''auzi'''.
   hit-TEL 3Sa.NOM '''3Sa.ACC'''
   hit-PFV 3Sa.NOM '''3Sa.ACC'''
   "He hit himself."
   "He hit himself."


   '''dduwi auzi aa auzi.'''
   '''dduwi auzi aa auzi.'''
   ddu-(w)i auzi    '''aa auzi'''.
   ddu-(w)i auzi    '''aa auzi'''.
   hit-TEL 3Sa.NOM '''ACC 3Sa.ACC'''.
   hit-PFV 3Sa.NOM '''ACC 3Sa.ACC'''.
   "He hit him."
   "He hit him."


Line 823: Line 823:
  '''dazjyi yau liv il jauni.'''
  '''dazjyi yau liv il jauni.'''
  dazji-i  yau    liv    '''il'''    jauni.
  dazji-i  yau    liv    '''il'''    jauni.
  give-TEL 1S.NOM 2S.ACC '''INSTR''' flower.
  give-PFV 1S.NOM 2S.ACC '''INSTR''' flower.
  "I gave you a flower." (Lit. "I give you with a flower.")
  "I gave you a flower." (Lit. "I give you with a flower.")


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  '''rainaij yau aa duvij il dau.'''
  '''rainaij yau aa duvij il dau.'''
  raina-i  -j  yau    aa  duvij '''il'''    dau.
  raina-i  -j  yau    aa  duvij '''il'''    dau.
  dig  -TEL-IRR 1S.NOM ACC hole  '''INSTR''' 1S.ACC
  dig  -DUR-IRR 1S.NOM ACC hole  '''INSTR''' 1S.ACC
  "I will dig the hole myself."
  "I will dig the hole myself."


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   '''murwi auzi ggaun liv.'''
   '''murwi auzi ggaun liv.'''
   muru-i  auzi  '''ggaun''' liv.
   muru-i  auzi  '''ggaun''' liv.
   die -TEL 3S.NOM '''BEN'''  2S.ACC.
   die -PFV 3S.NOM '''BEN'''  2S.ACC.
   "He died for you." / "He died for your benefit."
   "He died for you." / "He died for your benefit."


   '''murwi auzi diri liv.'''
   '''murwi auzi diri liv.'''
   muru-i  auzi  '''diri''' liv.
   muru-i  auzi  '''diri''' liv.
   die -TEL 3S.NOM '''CAU'''  2S.ACC.
   die -PFV 3S.NOM '''CAU'''  2S.ACC.
   "He died because of you." / "It was your fault he died."
   "He died because of you." / "It was your fault he died."


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====Modal Particles====
====Modal Particles====
''needs polishing''
''See {{section link||Mood and Additional Aspects}} for now.''
 
These particles are featured before the verb and indicate [[w:linguistic modality|verbal modality]].
 
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Conditional
| style="text-align: center;" | <code>COND</code>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''a''
| Denotes "if" the verb will occur.
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Capable
| style="text-align: center;" | <code>CAP</code>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''yaj''
| Denotes that the subject "can" do something.
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Hypothetical
| style="text-align: center;" | <code>HYP</code>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''zaggu''
| Denotes something that might happen, but does not.
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Deontic
| style="text-align: center;" | <code>DEO</code>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''daaya''
| Denotes something that ought to happen.
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Epistemic
| style="text-align: center;" | <code>EPIS</code>
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ibiz''
| Denotes something that might have happened.
|}
 
The conditional mood (<code>COND</code>) is used to form "if" clauses, such as "if she sings" and "if we go", etc. This is homonymous with the question particle, and they are often considered the same word. The verb head of the conditional particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood.
 
'''a murwij ya, junaij lu ddal dim dau.'''
'''a'''    muru-i  -j  yau,    juna-i  -j  lu    ddal dim  dau.
'''COND''' die -TEL-IRR 1S.NOM, bury-TEL-IRR 2S.NOM LOC  hill 1S.ACC.
"If I die, you will bury me on the hill."
 
The capable mood (<code>CAP</code>) is used to form "can" verbs, such as "she can sing" and "we can go". It is often used as not only an indicator of ability, but also permissiveness. To denote incapability, the speaker will attach the negation prefix to the verb.
 
'''yaj iliya yau aa maliya.'''
'''yaj''' ilu-iya  yau    aa  maliya.
'''CAP''' see-STA  1S.NOM ACC mountain.
"I can see the mountains."
 
The hypothetical mood (<code>HYP</code>) denotes an action that could occur but doesn't, such as "I could go" or even "I could have gone". The verb head of a hypothetical particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood.
 
'''zaggu umaadaij yi luj, a hiyaj yaadd vaddal.'''
'''zaggu''' umaada-i  '''-j'''  yi      luj,  a    hi  -iya-j  yaadd ddal.
'''HYP'''  sink  -TEL'''-IRR''' 1S.POSS boat,  COND exist-STA-IRR hole  LOC.
"My boat could sink if there is a hole in it."
 
The deontic mood (<code>DEO</code>) denotes an action that should happen, whether by obligation or logical progression. It's like a stronger hypothetical particle. The verb head of a deontic particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood.
 
'''auv zij, daaya bimaj daridd. diri va luvi va au.'''
auv  zij,        '''daaya''' bima-a  '''-j'''  daridd. diri va  luvi      va  au.
TEMP near.future, '''DEO'''  fall-ATEL'''-IRR''' rain.  CAU  COP cloud(PL) COP gray.
"Soon, the rain should fall because the clouds are gray."
 
The epistemic mood (<code>EPIS</code>) denotes an action or state that might have happened, however, the speaker is unsure due to lack of evidence. It can also be used as a weaker hypothetical marker. Verb heads of the epistemic particle must be in the irrealis mood. This mood marker also accompanies "I think" sentences which are typically constructed as "I think this. I may have a hammer."
 
'''garya yau vai. ibiz auwiniyaj yanuz guddi.'''
gari -a    yau    vai.    '''ibiz''' auwina -iya'''-j'''  guddi.
think-ATEL 1S.NOM 3Si.ACC. '''EPIS''' possess-STA'''-IRR''' hammer.
"I think I have a hammer."


====Relativizer Particles====
====Relativizer Particles====
Line 967: Line 903:


  '''wizddaniya ddal vimanbbaggu'''
  '''wizddaniya ddal vimanbbaggu'''
  wizddaniya ddal viman-bbaggu.
  wizddaniya ddal viman-zanju.
  Wistania  LOC  sky  -SUBE.
  Wistania  LOC  sky  -foot.
  "Wistania is under the sky."
  "Wistania is under the sky."
  "Wistania, which is located under the sky,..."
  "Wistania, which is located under the sky,..."


Technically, these are incomplete sentences, indicating only a noun and a relative clause without a compliment. However, they are considered perfectly viable sentences.
Technically, these are incomplete sentences, indicating only a noun and a relative clause without a compliment. However, they are considered perfectly viable and grammatical in Wistanian.


====Coordinating Particles====
====Coordinating Particles====
Line 982: Line 918:
  '''dajyi ya dari ya lari.'''
  '''dajyi ya dari ya lari.'''
  daji-i  '''ya''' dari '''ya''' lari.
  daji-i  '''ya''' dari '''ya''' lari.
  hide-TEL '''CO''' boy  '''CO''' girl.
  hide-PFV '''CO''' boy  '''CO''' girl.
  "The boy and the girl hid."
  "The boy and the girl hid."


Weak coordination (<code>WCO</code>) refers to a co-actor in the sentence while keeping the focus on a specific item of the list, which is usually featured at the beginning of the list and without a particle. It is denoted with the word '''vil'''.
Weak coordination (<code>WCO</code>) refers to a co-actor in the sentence while keeping the focus on a specific item of the list, which is usually featured at the beginning of the list and without a particle. It is denoted with the word '''vil''' (from the word '''viluba''': "to touch").


  '''dajyi dari nuz lari.'''
  '''dajyi dari nuz lari.'''
  daji-i  dari '''vil''' lari.
  daji-i  dari '''vil''' lari.
  hide-TEL boy  '''WCO''' girl.
  hide-PFV boy  '''WCO''' girl.
  "The boy hid with the girl."
  "The boy hid with the girl."


Contrastive coordination (<code>CCO</code>) is equivalent to the English "but" and is expressed through the particle '''bbal'''.  
Contrastive coordination (<code>CCO</code>) is equivalent to the English "but" and is expressed through the particle '''bbal'''.  


  '''auvin vaun liyiya, bbal gaunun vaun bauliyiya.'''
  '''gaun liyiya auvi, bbal gaun bauliyiya gaunun.'''
  auvi-n  vaun liya-iya, '''bbal''' gaunu-n vaun bau-liya-iya.
  gaun liya-iya auvi-n, '''bbal''' gaun bau-liya-iya gaunu-n.
  bird-PL GNO  fly-STA, '''CCO'''  fish-PL GNO  NEG-fly -STA
  GNO  fly -STA bird-PL, '''CCO'''  GNO  NEG-fly -STA fish -PL
  "Birds fly, but fish do not fly."
  "Birds fly, but fish do not fly."


Line 1,002: Line 938:


  '''ja lu aa i garauvi i diyan a.'''
  '''ja lu aa i garauvi i diyan a.'''
  ja  -a   lu    aa  '''i'''    garauvi '''i'''    diyan a.
  ja  -a   lu    aa  '''i'''    garauvi '''i'''    diyan a.
  want-ATEL 2S.NOM ACC '''ALTCO''' water  '''ALTCO''' juice Q.
  want-DUR 2S.NOM ACC '''ALTCO''' water  '''ALTCO''' juice Q.
  "Do you want water or juice?"
  "Do you want water or juice?"


This alternative coordinating particle is also used to answer a multiple choice question.
This alternative coordinating particle is also used to answer a multiple choice question. Parentheses indicate an optional expression.


  '''(ja yau) i diyan.'''
  '''(ja yau) i diyan.'''
  ja  -a   yau    i    diyan.
  (ja  -a   yau)   i    diyan.
  want-ATEL 1S.NOM ALTCO juice.
  (want-DUR 1S.NOM) ALTCO juice.
  "I want the juice."
  "(I want) the juice."


===Honorifics===
===Honorifics===
Upalldayallen
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